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Canine And Feline Clinical Management > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

The skin makes up ?% of the total body weight of a newborn puppy?

A

24%

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2
Q

The skin makes up ?% of the body weight in an adult animal?

A

12%

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis
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4
Q

What are the differences between Human and Animal Skin?

A
  • humans have more sweat glands
  • human skin is thicker
  • animals have multiple hairs on 1 follicle
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5
Q

What is the Epidermis?

A

most superficial layer that contains cells, but not blood vessels

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6
Q

What is the Dermis?

A
  • middle layer

- composed of: blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers and the accessory organs of skin such as glands and hair follicles

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7
Q

What is the Hypodermis?

A
  • subcutaneous

- deepest layer that is composed of connective tissue (fat)

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8
Q

What does the Skin protect the animal from?

A
  • environment

- physical, chemical and mircobial injury

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9
Q

What do the sensory organs in the Skin allow the animal to do?

A

feel pain, heat, cold, touch and pressure

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10
Q

What is the Skin the “storage depot” for?

A
  • electrolytes
  • water
  • protein
  • fats
  • carbohydrates
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11
Q

What does the Hypodermis store?

A
  • fat for insulation

- energy reserves

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12
Q

What are the functions of the Skin?

A
  • enclosing barrier
  • environmental protection
  • temperature regulation
  • sensory perception
  • motion and body shape
  • antimicrobial
  • blood pressure control
  • secretion
  • adnexa
  • storage
  • pigmentation
  • excretion
  • Vitamin D production
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13
Q

Enclosing Barrier

A

protects the internal environment of the body from water and electrolyte loss

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14
Q

Environmental Protection

A

protects the internal environment from the external environment

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15
Q

Temperature Regulation

A

maintains the animal’s coat and regulates the blood supply to the cutaneous tissues, which regulate heat dissipation and retention

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16
Q

Sensory Perception

A

contains sense organs for touch, temperature and pain

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17
Q

Motion and Shape

A

allows for motion and provides a definition to the body

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18
Q

Antimicrobial

A

contains antimicrobial and antifungal properties

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19
Q

Blood Pressure Control

A

the peripheral vascular beds within the skin help to control blood pressure

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20
Q

Secretion

A

contains both apocrin and sebaceous glands

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21
Q

Adnexa

A

produces hair, nails, hooves and horny layers of the epidermis

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22
Q

Storage

A

stores electrolytes, water vitamins,fats, proteins, carbs and other substances

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23
Q

Pigmentation

A

process within the skin (melanin formation) helping to determine coat and skin color and provide solar protection

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24
Q

Excretion

A

the animal’s skin has a limited excretory function

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25
Q

Vitamin D Production

A

the skin is essential for solar energy activation, which is necessary for normal calcium absorption

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26
Q

What is Dermatology?

A

study of disease of the skin

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27
Q

What is Dermatosis?

A

skin disease

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28
Q

What is Alopecia?

A

hair loss

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29
Q

What is Seborrhea?

A

excessive secretion of sebum (oily secretion of the sebaceous glands composed of fat and epithelial debris)

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30
Q

What is Scale?

A

flakes of stratum corneum on the skin surface or hair coat

comes in various colors

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31
Q

What is Erythema?

A

increased redness

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32
Q

What is Collarette?

A

circular arrangement of scale with central area of hyperpigmentation

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33
Q

What is Crust?

A

accumulation of dead cells and exudate on skin surface

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34
Q

What are Ectoparasites?

A

external parasites

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35
Q

What is Skin Scraping?

A

method of examining skin for parasites

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36
Q

What is Dermatophyte?

A

fungi that grow on the skin

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37
Q

What is Dermatomycosis (ringworm)?

A

a skin infection with keratinophilic fungi (Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton)

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38
Q

What is Pyoderma?

A

bacterial infection of skin (superficial, deep)

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39
Q

When is a Fungal Culture?

A

lab test used to grow dermatophytes for identification

used for ringworms

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40
Q

What is Bacterial Culture and Sensitivity?

A

lab test used to grow and identify bacteria from lesions and determine antibiotic sensitivity

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41
Q

What is Impetigo?

A

superficial bacteria skin infection seen in young dogs “puppy pyoderma” (staph)

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42
Q

What is Acne?

A

pores clogged with oil forming “blackheads”, especially chin

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43
Q

What is a Lesion?

A

area of altered skin

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44
Q

What is a Rash?

A

wide spread eruption of lesions

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45
Q

What is Hyperpigmentation?

A

increased pigmentation (melanin) of skin (epidermis/dermis)

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46
Q

What is Lichenification?

A

thickening and hardening of skin characterized by exaggerated superficial skin markings

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47
Q

What is a Cyst?

A

fluctant nodule, walled off, fluid filled

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48
Q

What is a Macule?

A

a focal, circuscribed, nonpalpable change in color <1 cm (when its larger, termed a patch)

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49
Q

What is a Papule?

A

small, circumscribed, solid elevated lesion of the skin

1 cm

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50
Q

What is a Wheal?

A

a sharply circumscribed, raised, edematous lesion that appears and disappears within minutes to hours

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51
Q

What is a Pustule?

A

a small, elevated, circumscribed, pus containing lesion of the skin within the epidermis

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52
Q

What is an Abscess?

A

localized collection of pus

larger than a pustule

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53
Q

What is Cellulitis?

A

swollen, tender area of skin with bacterial infection

can develop into an abscess

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54
Q

What is Granulation Tissue?

A

new tissue in a healing wound

consists of connective tissue and capillaries

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55
Q

What is an Erosion?

A

loss of skin surface
shallow, moist, crusted
doesn’t penetrate basement membrane

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56
Q

What is an Ulcer?

A

loss of epidermis resulting in exposure of dermis

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57
Q

What is a Comedone?

A

dilated hair follicle blocked with sebum and other cellular debris

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58
Q

What is Seborrhea?

A

abnormal flaking or scaling of the epidermis and may be accompanied by increased oil production (seborrhea oleasa) or not (seborrhea sicca)

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59
Q

What is the normal skin cell turnover time?

A

~3weeks

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60
Q

What is the Primary cause of Seborrhea?

A

hereditary as in American Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, Westies, Basset Hounds

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61
Q

What are the Secondary causes of Seborrhea?

A

disease/injury to skin from other causes

allergies, parasites, nutritonal disorders, immune mediated, endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism)

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62
Q

What are the 2 types of Seborrhea?

A
  • seborrhea sicca: dry, only scaliness

- seborrhea oleosa: oily + scales

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63
Q

What do Keratolytics do?

A
  • remove excess keratin and promote loosening of the outer layers of the epiderms
  • break down protein structure of kerating layer, permitting easier removal of material
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64
Q

Where are Keratolytics found?

A

medicated shampoos

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65
Q

What Medicated Shampoos are used for Seborrhea Sicca?

A
  • sulfur (keratolytic, antipuritic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic)
  • salicyclic acid (KL, AP, AB)
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66
Q

What Medicated Shampoos are used for Seborrhea Oleaso?

A
  • coal tar (degreaser, keratolytic)

- benzoyl peroxide (also for moist dermatitis, pyoderma, stud tail)

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67
Q

What is the treatment for Seborrhea?

A
  • clip hair so shampoo can penetrate
  • if secondary, treat underlying cause (antifungal and/or antibacterial meds)
  • Omega 3 fatty acid supplements (anti inflammatory, antipuritic properties)
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68
Q

What are the causes of Seborrheic Fungal Dermatitis?

A
  • Malassezia species

- some commensal on skin (normal)

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69
Q

How do you diagnose Seborrhic Fungal Dermatits?

A

cytology

skin impressions

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70
Q

How do you treat Seborrheic Fungal Dermatits?

A
  • 2% miconazole/ 2% chlorhexidine shampoo
  • selenium sulphide
  • other antifungals(ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole)
  • oral ketoconazole X 3+ weeks (not for dogs and cats)
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71
Q

What are Pyodermas?

A

bacterial infections that involve the skin

may be primary or secondary, superficial or deep

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72
Q

Pyodermas occur when:

A
  • skin surface broken
  • skin maccerated by chronic exposure to moisture
  • normal bacteria altered
  • circulation impaired
  • immunosuppression
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73
Q

What are Superficial Pyodermas?

A
  • involve only superficial epidermis
  • healing occuring without scarring
  • short duration
  • rarely systemically ill
  • skin around lesions remain normal
  • affected portions may be ulcerated or traumatized by animal
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74
Q

What is the cause of Pyodermas in dogs?

A

staph intermedius

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75
Q

What is the cause of Pyodermas in cats?

A

pasteurella multocida

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76
Q

What are the causes of Deep Pyodermas?

A

gram negative organisms (e. coli, proteus sp., pseudomonas sp.)

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77
Q

Wh:at are the risk factors of Pyodermas?

A
  • allergies
  • fungal infections
  • endocrine diseases
  • immune incompetence
  • seborrhea
  • conformation ex: skin folds
  • trauma
  • foreign bodies
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78
Q

Where do Superficial Pyodermas commonly affect?

A

trunk

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79
Q

Where do deep Pyodermas commonly affect?

A

chin, nose, pressure points, feet, generalized skin folds

80
Q

What are the most common Superficial Pyodermas?

A
  • acute moist dermatitis (hot spots)
  • impetigo
  • acne
81
Q

What are the clinical signs of “Hot Spots”?

A

red, moist, painful areas that ooze
hair loss, very pruitic
develops very fast

82
Q

What is the signalmant for “Hot Spots”?

A

heavy coated, water loving, breeds (golden retrievers, lab retrievers, newfoundlands, german shepherds, st. bernards)
hot, moist summer months

83
Q

How do you diagnose “Hot Spots”?

A

visual inspection

84
Q

How do you treat “Hot Spots”?

A
  • clip hair from lesions to expose edges
  • clean skin with medicated shampoo
  • topical antibiotics/steroid creams or sprays
  • treat original disease
  • systemic steriods/antiibiotics
85
Q

What is the client info for “Hot Spots”?

A
  • clean area on daily basis to speed healing
  • wash hands after treating to prevent contaimination
  • e collar might be needed
86
Q

What is the signalment for Impetigo?

A

young dogs

secondary infection : malnourishment, debilitation, poor hygiene

87
Q

What are occasionaly seen in cultrues from Impetigo?

A

strep

staph

88
Q

What are clinical signs of Impetigo?

A

seen on abdomen
lesions (pustules that rupture to form honey colored crusts)
nonpuritic
nonpainful

89
Q

How do you diagnose Impetigo?

A

physical appearence in young animals

culture and sensitvity

90
Q

How do you treat Impetigo?

A

systemic antibiotics

antibiotic creams

91
Q

What is some client info for Impetigo?

A

not contagious

continue treatment for atleast 2 weeks after lesions disappear

92
Q

What is the signalment for Acne?

A

dogs (3-12 months of age, short coats)

cats (can be chronic)

93
Q

What clinical signs of Acne?

A

swollen and painful chin
“dark spots” on chin
large blackheads on chin
febrile

94
Q

How do you diagnose Acne?

A

appearance

r/o bite would abscesses

95
Q

How do you treat Acne?

A 
clip hair on chin
antibacterial soap
large blackheads may require removal
clean with human acne product (stridex)
systemic antibiotics
96
Q

What is client info for Acne?

A

may become chronic

clean chin daily

97
Q

What is the signalment for Skin-Fold Pyoderma?

A

spaniesl and setter (lip fold)
pekinegeses and pugs (facial fold)
boston terriers and pugs (tail fold)
obese dogs of any breed (tail and vulvar folds)

98
Q

How do you diagnose Skin-Fold Pyoderma?

A

affected area will be moist, red and ulcerated

99
Q

How do you treat Skin-Fold Pyoderma?

A 
clip and clean area
dry lesions. drying agents may be used (corstarch)
antibiotic ointments
surgical removal of excess skin
weight reduction
100
Q

What is client info for Skin-Fold Pyodermas?

A

require long term treatment
affected areas need to be kept clean and dry
weight reductions
keep hair away from eyes

101
Q

What are clinical signs for Deep Pyodermas?

A

papules and pustules with crusting
febrile
draining fistule tracts

102
Q

How do you diagnose Deep Pyodermas?

A

clinical signs
culture and sensitivity
biopsy

103
Q

How do you treat Deep Pyodermas?

A

daily cleaning
antibiotic creams
antibiotics

104
Q

What is client info for Deep Pyodermas?

A

organism responsible is usually drug resistant
treatment may be prolonged and expensive in large breeds
may lead to diabetes mellitus and cushings
some may never recover

105
Q

What is the cause of Ear Mites?

A

otodectes cynotis

live on surface of skin in external ear canal, feeding on epidermal debris

106
Q

What are clinical signs of Ear Mites?

A

ear canals filled with brown-black crusty exudate
animal scratching ears
scrapes on side of face

107
Q

How do you diagnose Ear Mites?

A

otoscope

adult mites and eggs visible on microscopic exam of smears

108
Q

How do you treat Ear Mites?

A

ear meds (otomite, mitaclear, topical ivermectin, revolution, tresaderm)

109
Q

What is client info for Ear Mites?

A

life cycle is 3 weeks, eggs hatch every 10 days. treatment must be continuted for atleast 30 days
highly contagious
not zoonotic

110
Q

What is the life span of the adult flea?

A

6-12 months

111
Q

What is the female production rate of egg?

A

20-28 eggs/day (up to 50)

112
Q

What is the incubation period of flea eggs?

A

2-12 days

113
Q

What happens during the Larval Stage of the Flea?

A

(needs humidity)
feed on organic material and flea waste
2 molts
larva pupates (spins cocoon)

114
Q

How long is the Larval Stage of the Flea?

A

14-21 days

115
Q

What happens during the Pupal Stage of the Flea?

A

most resistance

lasts days to months depedent on environmental factors

116
Q

What is the flea the intermediate host for?

A

dog tapeworm (dipylidium caninum)

117
Q

What are clinical signs of fleas?

A

scratching/biting at skin
commonly affected areas :tail head area, inner thigh
areas may be red, inflammed and scabbed
small, pepper like granules found on skin and hair coat

118
Q

How do you diagnose fleas?

A

finding fleas
finding flea dirt
finding lesions

119
Q

How do you treat fleas?

A 
sprays, dips, powders, shampoos
advantage
program
frontline
sentinel
revolution
120
Q

What is client info for Fleas?

A

treat environment and animal
can be zoonotic
all animals must be treated
skin damage/dermatitis can occur

121
Q

What is the scientific name for the Brown Dog Tick?

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

122
Q

What is the primary host of the Brown Dog Tick?

A

dog

123
Q

What are clinical signs for Ticks?

A
  • tick or “lump” attached to animal
  • weakness or pale mucus membranes
  • ascending, flaccid paralysis
  • arthritis like symptoms of lameness, joint and muscle pain, fever (Lyme disease)
124
Q

How do you diagnose Ticks?

A
  • -finding a tick on animal

- history of exposure to grassy, wooded areas known to have tick infestations

125
Q

How do you treat Ticks?

A
  • manual removal of ticks
  • topical treatments
  • collars
  • topical systemic treatments
  • advantix
  • revolution
  • environmental treatments
  • removing brush, limiting rodent populations and keeping grassy areas cut
126
Q

What is client info for Ticks?

A
  • check all animals for ticks
  • prevalent during spring and summer
  • do not use gasoline, kerosene or lighted cigarettes to remove ticks
  • do not use bare hands
  • ticks aren’t species specific
127
Q

What are the 3 primary diseases called “mange”?

A
  • demodectic mange
  • sarcoptic mange
  • notoedric mange
128
Q

Where do Mites spend their entire life cycle?

A

on the host

129
Q

What are the 2 types of Demodectic Mange?

A

localized

generalized

130
Q

What are the clinical signs of Localized Demodectic Mange?

A
  • almost always a young dog (3 months - 1 year)-
  • alopecia (face, eyes, mouth, ears, forelegs, trunk)
  • erythema (redness), sometimes red and crusty (red mange)
131
Q

What are clinical signs of Generalized Demodectic Mange?

A
  • febrile
  • entire body surface involved
  • secondary bacterial skin infections with pustules
132
Q

How do you diagnose Demodectic Mange?

A 
skin scrapings (deep)
culture and sensitivity test
133
Q

How do you treat Localized Demodectic Mange?

A
  • rotenone (goodwinol ointment) topical daily

- Mupiricin (Bactroban)

134
Q

How do you treat Generalized Demodectic Mange?

A
  • Mitaban dips
  • ivermectin
  • interceptor
  • oral antibiotics
135
Q

What is client info for Demodectic Mange?

A
  • will outgrow mange as they age
  • not contagious to humans or other animals
  • treament will never completely remove mites
  • don’t breed previously infected animals
  • treatment may be prolonged in some animals
  • generalized form may be fatal
136
Q

What are clinical signs for Sacroptic Mange?

A
  • red, crusty lesions on ears, elboys and elsewhere on trunk
  • intenslely pruritic
  • secondary bacterial skin infections
  • progressively becomes more severe
137
Q

How do you diagnose Sarcoptic Mange?

A
  • skin scrapings (deep)

- skin biopsies

138
Q

How do you treat Sarcoptic Mange?

A
  • dips are frequently used
  • paramite dip
  • ivermectin
  • paramite dust
139
Q

What is client info for Sarcoptic Mange?

A
  • highly contagious among dogs
  • not very zoonotic
  • mites don’t remain on humans longer than a few hours
  • similar disease seen in cats, not same mite
  • dog mite rarely affects cats
140
Q

What is the signalment for Cheyletiellosis?

A

dogs
cats
rabbits
humans

141
Q

How is Cheyletiellosis transmitted?

A

direct contact

fomites

142
Q

What are clinical signs of Cheyletiellosis?

A

pruritis
dry scales along entire body
patchy hair loss from scratching

143
Q

How do diagnose Cheyletiellosis?

A

collect scales with clear tape
flea comb
skin scraping
ID with microscope

144
Q

How do you treat Cheyletiellosis?

A

weekly baths with flea control products containing pyrethrins or permethrin and/or lime sulfur dip

145
Q

How do you diagnose “Warbles”?

A

usually seen in young puppies, kittens and rabbits
large swelling behind ears, neck, or face
in rabbits: lesion may be in nasal cavity
swelling has an opening (fistula) which larva can be seen through

146
Q

How do you treat “Warbles”?

A

fistula opening can be incised to remove larva
wound should be flushed with diluted Betadine
oral or topical antibiotics to combat skin infections

147
Q

How do you diagnose Myiasis (Maggots)?

A

matted hair, bad odor, painful reaction when petted in specific area
found on PE

148
Q

How do you treat Myiasis (Maggots)?

A 
clip hair from lesions
flush area with water to remove larva
manually remove larva
oral antibiotics
keep pet indoors
149
Q

What is client info for Myiasis (Maggots)?

A
  • its a disease of neglect
  • heavy coated animals should be clipped during hot summer months
  • avoid using toxic dips
  • keep pet areas clean to avoid attracting flies
150
Q

How do you diagnose Lice?

A

pet may become ill tempered and agitated
intense itching
anemia can develop
presence of lice or nits on hair coat

151
Q

How do you treat Lice?

A

treat all animals in the house with insecticide dip
clip all hair
bathe with good shampoo
all bedding and grooming tools must be washed thoroughly
ivermectin can be given orally

152
Q

What is Dermatophytosis?

A

superficial cutaneous infection

153
Q

What are the 3 primary Dermatomycoses?

A
  • microsporum gypseum
  • trichophyton mentagrophytes
  • microsporum canis
154
Q

How is Dermatophytosis transmitted?

A
  • direct contact
  • contact with infected hair and scale
  • fomites
155
Q

What are clinical signs of Dermatophytosis?

A
  • rapidly growing circular patches of alopecia
  • some areas may be red, raised and crusty
  • lesions are most common on face and head
  • hairs in lesion may be broken
  • owners may notice similar lesions on themselves
156
Q

How do you diagnose Dermatophytosis?

A
  • woods light exam

- fungal culture (definitive)

157
Q

How do you treat Dermatophytosis?

A

clip affected areas
topical
systemic
environmental

158
Q

What is Atopy (Atopic Dermatitis)?

A

allergy to inhaled environmental substances and manifested through irritation of skin and ears, usually starting at 1-2 years of age

159
Q

What allergens cause Atopy?

A
  • dust mites
  • pollen
  • feathers
  • mold
  • animal and human dander
  • tobacco smoke
160
Q

What are clinical signs of Atopy?

A
  • pruritis
  • self trauma to skin +/- secondary bacterial infections
  • staining of hair from saliva
  • licking/chewing feet
  • alopecia, scaling, hyperpigmentation
161
Q

How do you diagnose Atopy?

A
  • accurate history is critical

- rule out food allergies, flea allergies, sarcoptic mange, contact dermatitis, before diagnosis of atopy can be made

162
Q

How do you treat Atopy?

A

-no cure
-id and eliminate cause
-treat any bacterial or fungal infections
medication and allergy shots
-omega 3 fatty acids
-antihistamines

163
Q

How do you diagnose Food Allergies?

A
  • elimination diets

- if improves, reintroduce original protein to see if symptoms recur

164
Q

What are clinical signs of Otitis Externa?

A
  • head rubbing or shaking
  • ear scratching
  • head tilt, with affected ear down
  • brownish, greenish-yellow discharge)
  • lichenification, hyperpigmentation, crusts, erythema, excoriations
  • aural hematoma
165
Q

What are predisposing factors of Otitis Externa?

A
  • conformation(heavy, pendulous ears, stenotic ear canals, ear hair)
  • excessive moisture
  • hypersensitivities
166
Q

How do you diagnose Otitis Externa?

A
  • otoscopic exam
  • clinical signs
  • cytology, ear smear
167
Q

How do you treat Otitis Externa?

A
  • always treat underlying condition first
  • topical meds instilled daily
  • surgical intervention may be required
168
Q

What is an Impaction?

A

when the anal sacs overfill, water can be reabsorbed and material dries out

169
Q

What are clinical signs of an Impaction?

A
  • scooting rear end
  • painful defecation
  • tail chasing
  • perianal erythema
  • swelling
170
Q

How do you diagnose Impactions?

A

palpation

clinical signs

171
Q

How do you treat Impactions?

A 
express contents
flush sac
instill antibiotic ointment
oral antibiotics, anti inflammatories
surgery
172
Q

What is a Tumor?

A

new growth of tissue characterized by progressive, uncontrolled proliferation of cells

173
Q

What is a Histiocytoma?

A

small, button like tumors that are usually pink, hairless and raised
rapidly growing

174
Q

How do you diagnose Hisitocytoma?

A

appearance

biopsy

175
Q

What are the Benign Tumors of the skin?

A

histiocytoma
lipoma
papillomas
sebaceous gland cysts

176
Q

What are the Malignant Tumors of the skin?

A

feline vaccine induced fibrosarcoma
mast cell tumors
melanoma

177
Q

How do you treat Histiocytoma?

A

surgery

178
Q

What is Lipoma?

A

tumor of the subcutaneous adipocytes (fat cells) that are typically freely moveable and well circumscribed

179
Q

How do you diagnose Lipoma?

A

biopsy

fine needle aspirate

180
Q

How do you treat Lipoma?

A

surgical excision

181
Q

What are Papillomas?

A

wart like growths that develop as smooth, white/pink/pigmented, elevated lesions in the oral cavity (oral paillomatosis) or on the skin (cutaneous papillomas)

182
Q

How do you diagnose Papillomas?

A

appearance

biopsy

183
Q

How do you treat Papillomas?

A

spontaneous regression

autogenous vaccine

184
Q

What are Sebaceous Gland Cysts?

A

slow growing, encapsulated, round and exude a gray, cheeselike material. caused by degenerative changes in the glandular area surrounding the follicle

185
Q

What breed are Sebaceous Gland Cysts common in?

A

cocker spaniels

186
Q

How do you diagnose Sebaceous Gland Cysts?

A

contents of the cyst

histology

187
Q

How do you treat Sebacous Gland Cysts?

A

surgical removal

188
Q

What are Feline Vaccine Induced Fibrosarcomas?

A

rapidly, developing highly invasive, malignant tumors that occur at the site of vaccination
4-6 weeks later

189
Q

What vaccines are most common with FVIF?

A

those with adjuvants

190
Q

How do you diagnose FVIF?

A
  • biopsy of fine needle aspirate

- physcial exam findings: swelling in area of recent vaccinations, rapidly growing firm elongated mass

191
Q

How do you treat FVIF?

A

radical surgical excision which may involve limb amputation

192
Q

What are Mast Cell Tumors?

A

firm nodules on the skin that may be ulcerated or edematous

contain histamine and heparin

193
Q

How do you treat Mast Cell Tumors?

A

chemotherapy
radiation therapy
benadryl
H2 blockers to treat gastric ulcers and irritation

194
Q

What is Melanoma (Benign)?

A

small, slow growing, hairless, pigmented

195
Q

What is Melanoma (Malignant)?

A

large, dome shaped sessile +/- pigmentation

196
Q

How do you treat Malignant Skin Tumors?

A

surgical removal

possible treatment with the vaccine

197
Q

What are the Immune Mediated Conditions?

A 
pemphigus foliaceus
pemphigus erythematosus
pemphigus vulgaris 
bullos pemphigoid
lupus erythematosus
alopecia areata
pseudopelade

Canine And Feline Clinical Management (10 decks)

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