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Canine And Feline Clinical Management > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Estrous Cycle?

A

the time from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next

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2
Q

When is the Onset of Puberty?

A

6-24 months

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3
Q

What is the average Breeding Age?

A

9-10 months

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4
Q

What are the Follicular Phases?

A
  • proestrus
  • estrus
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5
Q

What are the Luteal Phases?

A
  • diestrus
  • anestrus
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6
Q

What are the stages of the Estrous Cycle?

A
  • proestrus
  • estrus
  • metestrus
  • diestrus
  • anestrus
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7
Q

What is Proestrus?

A

the period when the bitch is sexually attractive, but rejects the males advances

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8
Q

What are the physical signs of Proestrus?

A
  • serosanguinous vaginal discharge
  • vulvar swelling
  • vaginal edema
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9
Q

What are the internal physical signs of Proestrus?

A
  • lengthening and hyperemia of uterine horns
  • enlargement of cervix
  • thickening of vaginal wall
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10
Q

What are the hormonal signs of Proestrus?

A
  • increasing serum concentrations of estradiol (estrogen)
  • as proestrus progresses, estrogen levels begin to peak and initiate the onset of estrus
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11
Q

What are the cytologic signs of Proestrus?

A
  • parabasal cells (predominant)
  • intermediate cells (predominant)
  • WBC
  • RBC
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12
Q

What is the duration of Proestrus?

A

3-17 days (avg: 9 days)

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13
Q

What is Estrus?

A

period of acceptance of the male

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14
Q

What are the physical signs of Estrus?

A
  • swollen vulva is less turgid
  • vulvar discharge is usually less bloody
  • bitch allows mating (standing heat, flagging)
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15
Q

What are the 2 stages in Canine Mating?

A
  • 1st: coitus (1-2 min), the turn (2-5 sec)
  • 2nd stage: coitus (5-45 min)
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16
Q

What muscle allows the “turning”?

A

ischiocavernous muscle

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17
Q

What are the hormonal signs of Estrus?

A
  • estrogen peaks in late proestrus and early estrus
  • estrogen peak initiates a surge of LH
  • progesterone levels begin to increase toward the end of estrus
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18
Q

What hormone is responsible for maintaining pregnancy?

A

progesterone

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19
Q

What are the cytologic signs of Estrus?

A
  • anuclear squamous cells
  • RBCs
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20
Q

What is the duration of Estrus?

A

3-21 days (avg: 9 days)

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21
Q

What is Metestrus?

A

period after ovulation when corpus luteum develops

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22
Q

What are the internal signs of Metestrus?

A
  • lining of uterus is thick and juicy in preparation for implantation of fertilized ovum
  • loss of cornified epithelial lining that developed
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23
Q

What is Diestrus?

A
  • period where corpus luteum has reached max size and effectiveness
  • begins with bitch’s refusal to mate
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24
Q

What are the physical signs of Diestrus?

A

none except the cessation of signs of estrus

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25
Q

What are the hormonal signs of Diestrus?

A
  • progesterone levels increase and peak
  • rapid pre-partum drop in progesterone 24hrs before birthing (pregnant bitches)
  • gradual decline (non pregnant bitches)
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26
Q

What are the cytologic signs of Diestrus?

A
  • sudden decrease in number of superficial cells
  • reappearance of intermediate and parabasal cells
  • RBCs and WBCs disappear completely
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27
Q

What is the duration of Diestrus?

A
  • 2 months
  • longer if pregnant
  • at 2 months CL is lysed by prostaglandin
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28
Q

What is Pseudopregnancy?

A
  • prolonged diestrus
  • animal is showing signs of pregnancy but isn’t
  • signs fade with time
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29
Q

What is Anestrus?

A
  • follow diestrus and ends with the onset of proestrus
  • first time plasma progesterone reaches below a 3
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30
Q

What are the cytologic signs of Anestrus?

A
  • acellular
  • parabasal cells and intermediate cells are present
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31
Q

What is the duration of Anestrus?

A

4.5 months

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32
Q

When is the onset of puberty (Queen)?

A

6-9 months

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33
Q

What type of cycle do cats have?

A
  • polyestrous
  • controlled by photoperiod and body weight (12-14 hrs of light, 2.5kgs)
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34
Q

What is Proestrus (Queen)?

A

period of follicular development, but refusal to mate

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35
Q

What are the physical signs of Proestrus (Queen)?

A
  • increased affection
  • no vulvar swelling or discharge in cats
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36
Q

What are the hormonal signs of Proestrus (Queen)?

A

increasing estrogen concentration

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37
Q

What are the cytologic signs of Proestrus (Queen)?

A

epithelial cells become cornified

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38
Q

What is the duration of Proestrus (Queen)?

A

1-2 days

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39
Q

What is Estrus (Queen)?

A

period of sexual receptivity and follicle maturation

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40
Q

What are the physical signs of Estrus (Queen)?

A
  • queen allows copulation
  • extreme affection
  • lordosis (booty in the air)
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41
Q

What are the hormonal signs of Estrus (Queen)?

A

peak serum concentrations of estrogen

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42
Q

What are the cytologic signs of Estrus (Queen)?

A

max vaginal epithelium cornifications

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43
Q

What is the duration of Estrus (Queen)?

A

7-9 days

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44
Q

What are ways to diagnose pregnancy?

A
  • palpation (21-30 days)
  • hormone assay
  • ultrasonography (18-20 days past LH peak)
  • radiography ( day 45)
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45
Q

What hormone are pregnancy tests looking for?

A

relaxin

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46
Q

When is the optimum time to use an ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy?

A

33-45 days

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47
Q

What is Gestation?

A

the period of pregnancy

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48
Q

How long is gestation in dogs?

A

59-68 days

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49
Q

How long is gestation in cats?

A

56-69 days

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50
Q

What are the 3 stages of labor?

A
  • uterine contractions
  • delivery of newborn
  • delivery of placenta
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51
Q

What are signs of impending partuition?

A
  • nesting behavior (12-24hrs before)
  • inappetance
  • panting, shivering
  • drop in rectal temp (24-48hrs before, <98*)
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52
Q

What is Labor (Stage 1)?

A

intermittent uterine contractions with no sign of abdominal straining

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53
Q

What are signs of Labor (Stage 1)?

A
  • restlessness, panting, nesting may continue
  • cervix dilates
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54
Q

How long does Labor (Stage 1) last?

A

4 hrs (can last up to 36 hours)

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55
Q

When should the bitch be placed in the whelping box?

A

atleast 1 week prior to partuition

56
Q

What is Labor (Stage 2)?

A

delivery of the newborn

57
Q

What are signs of Labor (Stage 2)?

A
  • rectal temp begins to rise or return to normal
  • passing of fetal fluids
  • expulsive uterine contractions accompanied with abdominal contractions
58
Q

What happens during Labor (Stage 2)?

A
  • 1st fetus dellivered within 4 hours
  • bitch will break amniotic membrane, lick neonate and sever umbilical cord
59
Q

How long does Labor (Stage 2) last?

A

3-6 hours but may be as long as 24 hours total

60
Q

How much time should be spent birthing each puppy?

A

20 minutes to 1 hour (no more than 2 hours should elapse between each puppy born)

61
Q

What are warning signs for Labor (Stage 2)?

A
  • greenish discharge, but no pup born within 2-4 hrs
  • fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hours previously, but nothing more has happened
  • bitch is having weak, irregular straining for more than 2-4hrs
  • bitch has had strong, regular straining for more than 20-30 min, but no pup born
  • more than 2-4 hrs have passed since last puppy born
  • has been in stage 2 labor for more than 12 hrs
62
Q

How long is the interval between each birth?

A

5-20 minutes

63
Q

What is Labor (Stage 3)?

A

expulsion of the placenta

64
Q

How long after the fetus should the placenta follow?

A

15 minutes

65
Q

What is Lochia?

A
  • greenish postpartum discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains
  • seen for up to 3 weeks or more
66
Q

When should Dystocia be suspected?

A
  • labor doesn’t begin when expected
  • stage 2 labor lasts 1 hour without delivery
  • 1-2 hours have passed between delivery
  • dam or neonates show sign of distress (stillborn)
  • greenish-black discharge without immediate delivery
  • significant hemorrhagic vaginal discharge
67
Q

What is Dystocia?

A

difficult birth or the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal without assistance

68
Q

What are the causes of Dystocia?

A
  • maternal (weak uterine contractions
  • fetal (oversize, death, abnormal position)
69
Q

How often does Dystocia occur in dogs?

A

5%

70
Q

How often does Dystocia occur in cats?

A

3-5.8%

71
Q

How do you diagnose Dystocia?

A
  • digital palpation of vagina
  • radiographs
  • ultrasound
72
Q

How do you treat Dystocia?

A
  • manual manipulation (manually dislodged)
  • uterine inertia (oxytocin injections, calcium preparations
  • c section
73
Q

What is appropriate maternal behavior?

A
  • allow nursing
  • grooming (stimulate CV, RS function; stimulates elimination and removal of waste)
  • retrieving
  • protecting
74
Q

What is inappropriate maternal behavior?

A
  • attack, kill or canabalize young
  • overly protective, restless, agressiveness
75
Q

What is Agalactia?

A
  • lack of milk production
  • causes: stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, infection
76
Q

What is Galactostasis?

A

milk stasis, which can result in mastitis

hormone related

77
Q

What is Mastitis?

A

septic inflammation of the mammary gland

78
Q

What are clinical signs of Mastitis?

A
  • pain
  • discolored milk
  • fever
  • reluctance to allow nursing
  • abscessed glands
79
Q

How do you treat Mastitis?

A
  • antibiotics
  • warm compress
  • don’t allow nursing from affected glands
80
Q

What is Pyometra?

A

pus in the uterus

81
Q

What causes Pyometra?

A
  • high levels of progesterone cause changes in uterus
  • better site for microbes
  • hyperplasia and hypertrophy of endometrial glands of uterus
  • decreased myometrial contractions
82
Q

What are clinical signs of Pyometra?

A
  • vulvar discharge
  • vomiting
  • dehydration
  • PU/PD
  • azotemia
83
Q

How do you diagnose Pyometra?

A
  • radiology
  • ultrasound
  • bloodwork (leukocytosis, neutrophilia with left shift)(closed pyometra)
84
Q

What is Vaginitis?

A

an inflammatory process, not necessarily infectious

85
Q

What are the 2 types of Vaginitis?

A
  • prepuberal bitch (puppy vaginitis)
  • adult vaginitis
86
Q

What are the causes of Puppy Vaginitis?

A
  • inverted vulva
  • hormonal influctuations
87
Q

What are the clinical signs of Puppy Vaginitis?

A
  • purulent vulvar discharge
  • +/- licking the vulva
88
Q

How do you treat Puppy Vaginitis?

A
  • systemic antibiotics
  • topical douching
89
Q

What are the causes of Adult Vaginitis?

A
  • anatomical abnormalities
  • canine herpesvirus
90
Q

What are clinical signs of Adult Vaginitis?

A
  • purulent vulvar discharge
  • +/- licking the vulva
  • peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection
  • perceived urinary incontinence
91
Q

How do you treat Hyperplasia/Prolapse?

A
  • ovariohysterectomy
  • will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur
92
Q

What is the signalment for Mammary Tumors?

A
  • older intact females
  • 50% of all tumors in female dogs
  • 3rd most common in cats
93
Q

What % of Mammary Tumors are benign in dogs?

A

50%

94
Q

What % of Mammary Tumors are benign in cats?

A

10-20%

95
Q

How do you diagnose Mammary Tumors?

A

biopsy and send for histopathology

96
Q

What is the Prostate?

A

male sex gland in cats and dogs

97
Q

Where is the Prostate located?

A

caudal to the bladder encircling the proximal urethra at the neck of the bladder

98
Q

What is the purpose of the Prostate?

A

produce a fluid as transport and support medium for sperm during ejaculation

99
Q

What is the cause of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

altered androgen/estrogen ratio

100
Q

What are clinical signs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A
  • mild or no clinical signs
  • tenesmus
  • enlarged prostate gland but not painful
101
Q

How do you treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

castration results in 70% decrease in size within 14 days

102
Q

What are clinical signs of Prostatitis?

A
  • lethargy
  • anorexia
103
Q

How do you diagnose Prostatitis?

A

urinalysis (hematuria, increased WBCs, presence of bacteria)

104
Q

How do you treat Prostatitis?

A
  • antibiotics
  • castration
105
Q

What is the signalment for Prostatic Neoplasia?

A

older castrated male dogs

106
Q

How do you treat Prostatic Neoplasia?

A
  • cox inhibitors (piroxicam, carprofen)
  • total prostectomy
  • radiation (not pursued due to risk)
107
Q

What is the prognosis of Prostatic Neoplasia?

A

fatal disease (die within a few months)

108
Q

How is Transmissible Veneral Tumor (TVT) spread?

A

sexual contact

109
Q

What are clinical signs of TVT?

A

tumors found on penis, prepuce and scrotum

110
Q

How do you treat TVT?

A
  • chemotherapy
  • surgical removal of small localized mass
111
Q

What is Cryptorchidism?

A

one or both testicles have been retained in the abdomen or inguinal canal

112
Q

How do you treat Cryptorchidism?

A

castration

113
Q

What is the signalment for Cryptorchidism?

A

small dogs, boxers

114
Q

What is GnRH?

A

gonadotropin releazine hormone

115
Q

GnRH (site of production)

A

hypothalamus

116
Q

GnRH (target tissue)

A

anterior pituitary

117
Q

GnRH (action)

A

allows release of FSH and LH

118
Q

FSH (site of production)

A

pituitary

119
Q

FSH (target tissue)

A

ovary (follicle)

120
Q

FSH (action)

A

stimulates follicle development and estrogen production

121
Q

LH (site of production)

A

pituitary

122
Q

LH (target tissue)

A

ovary (follicle)

123
Q

LH (action)

A

induces ovulation, corpus luteum development and progesterone production

124
Q

Estrogen (site of production)

A

ovary (follicle)

125
Q

Estrogen (target tissue)

A
  • brain
  • anterior pituitary
  • oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva
126
Q

Estrogen (action: brain)

A

induces changes in hehavior associated with heat

127
Q

Estrogen (action: anterior pituitary)

A

enhances the release of FSH and LH during estrus

128
Q

Estrogen (action: oviduct, uterus, etc)

A

increases muscular activity and production of a fluid of low viscosity to facilitate the migration of the sperm and the egg towards each other

129
Q

Progesterone (site of production)

A

ovary (corpus luteum)

130
Q

Progesterone (target tissue)

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • uterus
131
Q

Progesterone (action:anterior pituitary)

A

prevents complete maturation and ovulation of follicles

132
Q

Progesterone (action: uterus)

A

decreases muscular activity and prepares the uterus to be a suitable environment for the embryo

133
Q

Prostaglandins (site of production)

A

uterus

134
Q

Prostaglandins (target tissue)

A

ovary (corpus luteum)

135
Q

Prostaglandins (action)

A

induces the regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in progesterone

136
Q
A

Canine And Feline Clinical Management (10 decks)

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