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Canine And Feline Clinical Management > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Virology?

A

the study of viruses and virus-like agents

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2
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • from the latin virus meaning toxin or poison
  • microscopic infectious agent that is an obligate intracellular pathogens
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3
Q

What can Viruses infect?

A

all types of organisms from animals and plants to bacteria

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4
Q

How do you classify Viruses?

A
  • host range
  • enveloped or non enveloped
  • type of nucleic acid in the virion
  • shape
  • dimensions of the virion and capsid
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5
Q

What does each virus contain?

A
  • nucleic acid
  • capsid
  • protein
  • enzymes
  • sometimes has a capsid
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6
Q

How are Viruses seen?

A
  • under electron microscope
  • negative staining with heavy metal
  • thin sectioning with positive staining
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7
Q

What is a Capsomere?

A

capsid composed of protein subunits

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8
Q

What are the functions of the Capsomere?

A
  • protective
  • recognitive / attachment to host cell
  • introduction of nucleic acid into host cell
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9
Q

What are Envelopes?

A
  • Composed of lipids from host cell membrane
  • proteins
  • glycoproteins
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10
Q

What are the functions of Envelopes?

A
  • camoflage
  • recognition/attachment to host cell
  • helps introduce nucleic acids into host cell
  • protects nucleic acids
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11
Q

What is an example of a Helical Shape?

A

rabies

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12
Q

What is an example of a Complex Shape?

A

bacteriophage

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13
Q

What ways can viruses be transmitted?

A
  • aerosols
  • break in skin
  • fluids (blood, saliva, sexual contact)
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14
Q

How do viruses attach/penetrate?

A
  • bind to specific surface receptors
  • fuse with or engulfed by the plasma membrane
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15
Q

How do viruses get released?

A
  • lyse cells
  • bud through plasma membrane
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16
Q

What is the life cycle of the Viruse?

A
  • Entry into host cell
  • Uncoating
  • Replication of nucleic acids and production of proteins
  • Maturation/assembly
  • Release of Virus
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17
Q

What ways can a virus enter the host cell?

A
  • endocytosis (engulfment)
  • fusion of cell membrane with viral envelope via spikes
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18
Q

What is Uncoating?

A

nucleic acid is released from nucleocapsid

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19
Q

What happens during the Multiplication Cycle?

A
  • DNA enters nucleus
  • DNA is transcribed
  • RNA is exported to cytoplasm and translated
  • DNA is replicated in nucleus
  • Viral DNA inserted into host genome
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20
Q

What happens during Maturation/Assembly?

A

new nucleocapsids self assemble

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21
Q

How is a virus released?

A

exocytosis

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22
Q

What is an Acute Infection?

A
  • has short duration
  • often not fatal
  • dissappears when disease process ends
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23
Q

What is a Latent Infection?

A
  • remain in equilibrium with the host
  • don’t produce disease for a long period
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24
Q

What are Persistent/Chronic Infections?

A
  • often fatal
  • occurs gradually over a long period of time
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25
Q

What are the methods of diagnsosis for Viral Diseases?

A
  • Serology
  • Cytology
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26
Q

What is a 4 fold?

A

-greater rise in titer between 2 serum specimens provide a positive diagnosi

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27
Q

What is a Paired Sera?

A
  • first taken as early as possible in the iillness
  • second 10-14 days after the onset of symproms

-

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28
Q

What are Inclusion Bodies?

A

-nuclear or cytomplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins

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29
Q

What are Negir Bodies?

A

type of cytoplasmic inclusion, body

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30
Q

When was Bacteria first observed?

A
  • 1676
  • by Leeuwenhock
  • with single lens microscope
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31
Q

What is Bacteria?

A
  • single celled microorganisms with a variet of shapes
  • aka prokaryotes
  • genetic material contained in a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm of cell nucleoid
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32
Q

What are the characteristics of Prokaryotes?

A
  • fewer organelles
  • smaller than eukakryote
  • cell wall
  • +/- capsule
  • cell/plasma membrane
  • nucleoid
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • +/- pil
  • endospores
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33
Q

What are characteristics of Eukaryotes?

A
  • cell/plasma membrane
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • golgi apparatus
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • ribosomes
  • vacuoles
  • lysosomes
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34
Q

What is the most common disease caused by Bacteria?

A

respiratory disease

35
Q

What are the shapes Bacteria can be?

A
  • Spherical (cocci/coccus)
  • Rod (bacilli/bacillus)
  • Single cells, pairs, chains, clusters
  • Elongated to form filaments
36
Q

What is the Cell Membrane?

A
  • barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other components of cytoplasm inside cell
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, or E.R
37
Q

What is Genetic Material?

A
  • single circular chromosome
  • in nucleoid of cytoplasm
38
Q

How do you treat Bacterial Infections?

A

antibiotics

39
Q

What are Industrial Processes of Bacteria?

A
  • waste treatment
  • cheese and yogurt production
  • manufacture antibiotics and other chemicals
40
Q

What is the Cell Wall?

A
  • surrounds cell membrane
  • essential to survival
41
Q

What is Gram Staining?

A
  • divides bacterial kingdom into 2 main categories
  • created by Hans Christian Gram
  • stain illustrates composition of cell wall
42
Q

What color is Gram +?

A

purple

43
Q

What color is Gram -?

A

pink

44
Q

What are the steps in Gram Staining?

A
  • crystal violet
  • Gram’s iodine
  • ethanol or acetone
  • safranin
45
Q

What is Crystal Violet?

A

stains both + and - bacteria

46
Q

What is Gram’s Iodine?

A

fixes stain in Gram + bacteria

47
Q

What is Ethanol or Acetone?

A

washes the stain from Gram - bacteria

48
Q

What is Sanfranin?

A
  • counterstain
  • re stains Gram - bacteria
  • doesn’t interfere with previous stain in Gram + bacteria
49
Q

What are Gram + Cocci?

A
  • Staphyl Coccus
  • Streptococci
50
Q

What are Gram + Rods?

A
  • Coymbacterium
  • Listeria
  • Erysiplothrix
  • Archanobacterium
  • Rhodococcus
51
Q

What are Gram + Endospores?

A
  • Clostridium
  • Botulism
52
Q

What are Gram + Anaerobes?

A

Actinomyces bovis

53
Q

What are Gram + Acid Fast?

A

tuberculosis

54
Q

What are Gram - Enteric Rods?

A
  • Klebsiella
  • Proteus (UTI)
  • E. Coli (UTI)
  • Slamonella
  • Shigella
55
Q

What is the Glycocalyx?

A
  • network of polysaccharides
  • surrounds cell wall
  • varies in complexity
  • protects from engulfment by macrophages
  • act as antigens
  • cell recognition
  • allows attachment to inert surfaces (teeth, rocks, etc)
56
Q

What are Endospores?

A
  • highly resistant, dorminant structures
  • consist of: central core of cytoplasm (contains DNA)and ribosomes surrounded by cortex layer

-protected by impermeable and rigid coat

57
Q

What extreme physical and chemical stresses can Endospores survive?

A
  • UV light
  • gamma radiation
  • detergents/disenfectants
  • heat
  • pressure
  • drying
58
Q

What are Pathogens?

A
  • bacteria or other agent that forms a parasitic association with other organisms
  • major cause of death in humans and animals
59
Q

What are examples of Pathogens?

A
  • tetanus
  • food borne illness
  • leprosy
  • tuberculosis
  • E. Coli
60
Q

What is an Obligate Pathogen?

A
  • always cause disease
  • ex: Rickettsia, Chlamydia
61
Q

What are Opportunistic Pathogens?

A

-primarily associated with immune suppressed hosts

62
Q

How do you treat Pathogens?

A
  • antibiotics
  • Bacteriocidal (kills)
  • Bacteriostatic (inhibits growth)
63
Q

What are Examples of using Antiseptic measures against Pathogens?

A
  • sterilizing skin prior to needle puncture
  • proper care of indwelling cathethers
  • sterilization of surgical and dental instruments
64
Q

What would you use Antiseptics on?

A

living tissue

65
Q

What would you use Disenfectants on?

A

non living things

66
Q

How do Bacteria reproduce?

A
  • asexually
  • by binary fission
  • double every 9.8 minutes
67
Q

How is Bacteria cultured?

A
  • with solid or liquid media
  • Solid: agar plates (sheeps blood)
  • Liquid: measurement of growth, large volumes needed
  • Selective Media: used to ID specific organisms
68
Q

What are characteristics of Modified Live Vaccines (MLV)?

A
  • strong, long lasting
  • immune response achieved with fewer doses
  • adjuvants arent necessary
  • quicker immune responses
  • less chance of allergic reaction
  • effective only 1 hour after mixing
69
Q

What are characteristics of Killed Vaccines?

A
  • more stable in storage
  • unlikely to contain pathogens
  • unlikely to cause disease
  • produce little to no cellular and mucosal immunity
70
Q

What are Adjuvants?

A
  • chemicals, microbial components or mammalian proteins
  • ehances the immune response to vaccine antigens
  • Aluminum gels/salts
71
Q

What are Core Vaccines for Canines?

A
  • Canine Parvovirus type 2
  • Canine Distemper Virus
  • Canine Adenovirus type 2 (DAPP/DHPP)
  • Rabies
72
Q

General Guidelines: Canine Vaccines

A

Begin: 6-9 weeks of age

Frequency: q 2-4 weeks

End: atleast 1 dose given at 14-16 wks or older

Revaccination: at 1yo or 1y after last puppy vaccination

73
Q

What age is Rabies Vaccine given in canines?

A

12wks

74
Q

What is the Duration of Immunity?

A
  • atleast 5 to 7 years
  • TODAY: 3yr revaccination program
75
Q

General Guidelines: Feline Vaccinations

A

Begin: 8-10wks

Frequency: q 2-4 wks

End: last dose at 14-16wks

76
Q

What are the Feline Core Vaccines?

A
  • Feline Parvovirus
  • Feline Calicivirus
  • Feline herpes virus
  • Rabies
  • FVRCP
77
Q

What is Immunology?

A

ability of the body to fight infections and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells

78
Q

What are the 2 categories of Immunology?

A
  • Nonspecific
  • Specific
79
Q

What is the Immune System?

A

system in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from non harmful organisms and producing a appropriate response

80
Q

What are Foreign Invaders?

A
  • aka pathogens
  • viruses, bacteria or other living things that cause disease/immue response
  • aka Antigens
  • soluble sugstances: toxins and foreign proteins
81
Q

What are the parts of the Immune System?

A
  • blood
  • bone marrow
  • thymus gland
  • normal functioning:nutrition, stress sanitation and age
82
Q

What is Non Specific Immunity?

A

-includes species resistance, mechanincal/chemical barriers, and inflammation

83
Q

What is the First Line of Defense?

A
  • skin
  • provides physical and chemical barriers
  • physical:hard to penetrate. made of indigestible keratin, hairs
  • chemical:tears, sweat, mucous, saliva, enzymes, sebum
84
Q

What is the Second Line of Defense?

A
  • inflammatory response
  • signs of inflammation: redness, heat, pain, swelling

Canine And Feline Clinical Management (10 decks)

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