Urinary system anatomy Flashcards
- A frequent complication of diabetes is chronic kidney
disease and kidney failure. Why does diabetes cause kidney failure with accompanying anemia?
he small blood vessels in the body are injured in diabetic
patients due to elevated blood sugar. When the blood
vessels in the kidneys are injured, your kidneys cannot
clean your blood properly. You will retain more water and
salt, which can result in weight gain and ankle swelling.
You may have protein in your urine. Also, metabolic waste
products will build up in your blood.
Diabetes also may cause damage to nerves in your body.
This can in turn cause difficulty in emptying your bladder.
The pressure resulting from your full bladder can back up
and injure the kidneys. Also, if urine remains in your bladder
for a long time, you can develop an infection from rapid
growth of bacteria in urine with an elevated sugar level.
All of these factors often contribute to diabetic
kidney disease and even kidney failure. A patient with
kidney failure faces loss of vital kidney functions. One
of the things the healthy kidney does is to produce
erythropoietin and in a failing kidney this production is
decreased, leading to anemia.
- List the primary constituents of urine.
The primary components are water, urea, uric acid,
creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium,
magnesium, phosphates, sulfates, and ammonia.
- Patients with renal failure typically have no urine output
volumes; this is referred to as:
a. Oliguria
b. Anuria
c. Polyuria
d. Pyuria
b. Anuria
- The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of:
a. The capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and
juxtaglomerular apparatus
b. Capillary endothelium, podocytes, and basement membrane
c. Podocytes, hilum, and basement membrane
d. Capillary endothelium, podocytes, and juxtaglomerular apparatus
b. Capillary endothelium, podocytes, and basement
membrane
- The glucose renal threshold is 160 to 180 mg/dL. This
represents the:
a. Concentration of glucose in the vasa recta
b. Maximum rate of glucose reabsorption in the renal tubule
c. Plasma concentration above which glucose is excreted in the urine
d. Plasma level at the commencement of glucose reabsorption in the nephron
c. Plasma concentration above which glucose is excreted in the urine
1 0. Which of these is not a mechanism to maintain blood
pH through the kidney?
a. Excretion of acetic acid
b. Excretion of hydrogen ions
c. Excretion of ammonium ions
d. Reabsorption of bicarbonate
a. Excretion of acetic acid
- Which of these is the major functional unit of the kidney?
a. The hilus
b. The efferent arteriole
c. The juxtaglomerular apparatus
d. The nephron
d. The nephron
- Which of these urinary structures is involved in the
countercurrent exchange mechanism?
a. The afferent arteriole
b. The efferent arteriole
c. The vasa recta
d. The juxtaglomerular apparatus
c. The vasa recta
- Which of the following is NOT true about antidiuretic
hormone?
a. It is the same as vasopressin
b. It increases blood pressure
c. It is made in the kidney
d. Its release is inhibited by ethanol and caffeine
c. It is made in the kidney
- Aldosterone is involved in the reabsorption of:
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Bicarbonate
d. Hydrogen ion
b. Sodium
1 5. Which of the following is NOT a method for an estimated
glomerular filtration rate?
a. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology
Collaboration Formula
b. Cockcroft -Gault Formula
c. Osmolar and Free Water Formula
d. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Formula
c. Osmolar and Free Water Formula
1 6. Which of these is a method to assess renal tubular function?
a. Osmolar and Free Water Formula
b. Cockcroft-Gault Formula
c. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Formula
d. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Formula
a. Osmolar and Free Water Formula
