Physical Examination of urine

Question 1

Label the parts of this refractometer.

Answer 1

1. Eyepiece
2. Objective lens
3. Liquid prism
4. Lens adjustment
5. Main prism
6. Bubble trap

Question 2

7. What does the dashed line in Figure 7-9 represent?

Answer 2

Path of light

Question 3

Match urine appearance with its listed cause:
A. Amber and clear
B. Blackening with time
C. Brown and cloudy
D. Colorless and clear
E. Foamy when shaken
F. Greenish tinge
G. Orange
H. Red (wine) and clear
I. Red and cloud
J. Yellow and clear

8. _____ normal urine appearance
9. _____ alkaptonuria
10. _____ bilirubin
11. _____ concentrated urine
12. _____ medications
13. _____ red blood cells
14. _____ old specimen with RBCs
15. _____ porphyrins
16. _____ proteins
17. _____ very dilute urine

Answer 3

8. ___J. Yellow and clear __ normal urine appearance
9. ___B. Blackening with time __ alkaptonuria
10. ___F. Greenish tinge __ bilirubin
11. __A. Amber and clear ___ concentrated urine
12. __G. Orange ___ medications
13. ___I. Red and cloud __ red blood cells
14. __C. Brown and cloudy ___ old specimen with RBCs
15. __H. Red (wine) and clear ___ porphyrins
16. __E. Foamy when shaken ___ proteins
17. __D. Colorless and clear ___ very dilute urine

Question 4

Match urine odor with their causative constituent.
A. Fishy
B. Fruity
C. Musty
D. Pungent
E. Sweaty feet
F. Syrupy

18. ______ Amino acid disorder
19. ______ Ammonia
20. ______ Bacteria
21. ______ Hypermethioninemia
22. ______ Ketones
23. ______ Leucine and isoleucine
24. ______ Phenylalanine

Answer 4

18. ___F. Syrupy ___ Amino acid disorder
19. ___D. Pungent ___ Ammonia
20. ___D. Pungent ___ Bacteria
21. __A. Fishy ____ Hypermethioninemia
22. ___B. Fruity ___ Ketones
23. ___E. Sweaty feet ___ Leucine and isoleucine
24. __C. Musty ____ Phenylalanine

Question 5

25. Which methods can be used to determine specific gravity? (choose all that apply)
    a. Freezing point depression
    b. Reagent strip
    c. Refractometer
    d. Vapor pressure depression

Answer 5

b. Reagent strip
c. Refractometer

Question 6

26. Which methods can be used to determine osmolality? (choose all that apply)
    a. Freezing point depression
    b. Hydrometer
    c. Refractometer
    d. Vapor pressure depression

Answer 6

a. Freezing point depression
b. Hydrometer

Question 7

27. Refractive index compares the velocity of light in urine to the velocity of light in:
    a. Air
    b. Oil
    c. Saline
    d. Water

Answer 7

a. Air

Question 8

28. Which principle is used in the determination of specific gravity by reagent strip methods?

a. The pKa of a polyelectrolyte is altered by the urine’s ionic strength.
b. Cations are chelated by a calor-changing ligand.
c. Ions catalyze the oxidation of a chromogen.
d. Solutes release H ions to change the pKa.

Answer 8

a. The pKa of a polyelectrolyte is altered by the urine’s ionic strength.