Urinary System

Question 1

What are the 6 functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

Filtering the blood
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of extracellular osmolarity 
Regulation of extracellular fluid pH
Regulation of RBC synthesis
Vitamin D activation

Question 2

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 2

Nephron

Question 3

What is a juxtamedullary nephron?

Answer 3

Renal corpuscle near the cortical medullary border with loops of henle extending deep into medulla

Question 4

What is a cortical nephron?

Answer 4

Renal corpuscle near the periphery of cortex with shallower loops of henle

Question 5

What makes up a renal corpuscle?

Answer 5

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

Question 6

What makes up bowman’s capsule?

Answer 6

Outer parietal (simple squamous epithelium) and inner visceral (podocytes)

Question 7

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 7

A network of capillaries

Question 8

Fenestrae

Answer 8

Window-like openings in the endothelial cells of the colerular capillaries

Question 9

Filtration slits

Answer 9

Gaps between the cell processes of the podocytes

Question 10

What makes up the filtration membrane?

Answer 10

Capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes

Question 11

Afferent arteriole

Answer 11

Supplies blood to the golerulus

Question 12

Efferent arteriole

Answer 12

Drains glomerulus

Question 13

What three processes help in urine production?

Answer 13

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

Question 14

T/F glucose is normally found in the urine

Answer 14

False

Question 15

What is glomerular filtration?

Answer 15

Movement of fluid derived from blood flowing through the glomerulus across filtration membrane

Question 16

Filtrate

Answer 16

Water, small molecules, ions that can pass through memrbane

Question 17

What does the pressure difference do?

Answer 17

Forces filtrate acrosse filtration membrane

Question 18

Renal fraction

Answer 18

Part of total cardiac output that passes throguh kidneys 21%

Question 19

Renal blood flow rate

Answer 19

1176 mL/min

Question 20

Renal plasma flow rate

Answer 20

650 mL/min

Question 21

Filtration fraction

Answer 21

Part of plasma that is filtered into lumen of Bowman’s capsule 19%

Question 22

Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 22

Amount of filtrate produced each minute 180L/day

Question 23

What 5 factors affect glomerular filtration?

Answer 23

Blood pressure 
Pressure within Bowman's capsule
Difference in osmotic pressure 
Particle size
Changes in filtration slit size

Question 24

What happens to GFR if BP increases?

Answer 24

Increases

Question 25

Is pressure in glomerulus or bowman's greater?

Answer 25

Glomerulus

Question 26

What causes increased pressure in bowmans?

Answer 26

Swelling of kidney Full bladder Urinary obstruction

Question 27

Is osmolarity greater in blood plasma or glomerular filtrate?

Answer 27

Blood plasma

Question 28

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 28

Occurs as filtrate flows through lumens of different tubes, absorbs 99% of filtrate volume, inorganic salts, and organic molecules

Question 29

Where does reabsorption start?

Answer 29

PCT

Question 30

Where does reabsorption have to occur through?

Answer 30

Nephron cells

Question 31

What drives reabsorption?

Answer 31

Active transport of sodium

Question 32

What is the function of the peritubular capillaires?

Answer 32

To remove water and solute rom interstitial space

Question 33

What is the descending limb highly permeable to?

Answer 33

Water

Question 34

How much filtrate is absorbed in the descending limb?

Answer 34

15%

Question 35

What is the ascending limb permeable to?

Answer 35

Solutes

Question 36

What is produced in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 36

Large volume of dilute urine

Question 37

What does high ADH do to urine?

Answer 37

High concentraion of urine and low volume

Question 38

What does low ADH do to urine?

Answer 38

Low concentration urine and high volume

Question 39

Are collecting ducts permeable to anything?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

What is tubular secretion?

Answer 40

Movement of substances into the nephron lumen

Question 41

What does the volume of urine directly rleated to?

Answer 41

Water intake

Question 42

What is the most important mechanism in kidneys

Answer 42

The ability to concentrate urine

Question 43

Does osmolarity increase or decrease moving toward the medullar

Answer 43

Increases

Question 44

What is the concentration of the interstitial space at the tips of the renal pramids

Answer 44

1200 mosm/l

Question 45

What are the 3 major causes for the production and maintenance of high solute concentrations in medula

Answer 45

Loops of henle Vasa recta urea distribution cycling

Question 46

What si the function of the vasa recta

Answer 46

Remove excess water and solute from interstitial space

Question 47

What is the countercurrent sysemt

Answer 47

Two parallel tubes where blood and urine flow in opposite directions

Question 48

What are the walls of the vasa recta permeable to?

Answer 48

Water and solute

Question 49

What is urea largely responsible for

Answer 49

High osmolarity in the medulla

Question 50

What is permeable to urea

Answer 50

Descendng limb | COllecting ducts

Question 51

What is impermeable to urea

Answer 51

Ascending limb and DCT

Question 52

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 52

Inadequate ADH production

Question 53

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 53

Inadeqaute production of insulin or response to insulin

Question 54

What is in urine

Answer 54

Water, creatinine, urea, potassium, H+, phosphate

Question 55

Tubular maximum

Answer 55

Maximum amount of a substance filtered at the glomerulus that can be reabsorbed

Question 56

What determines the tubular maximum

Answer 56

Number of active transport carrier molecules

Question 57

What moves urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Answer 57

Hydrostatic pressure Gravity Peristaltic wave

Question 58

What activates the micrturition reflex

Answer 58

Bladder filling and stretching

Question 59

What controls the internal sphincter muscle

Answer 59

ANS

Question 60

What controls the external sphincter muscle

Answer 60

SNS