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Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the kidney?

A 
Filtering the blood
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of extracellular osmolarity 
Regulation of extracellular fluid pH
Regulation of RBC synthesis
Vitamin D activation
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2
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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3
Q

What is a juxtamedullary nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle near the cortical medullary border with loops of henle extending deep into medulla

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4
Q

What is a cortical nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle near the periphery of cortex with shallower loops of henle

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5
Q

What makes up a renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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6
Q

What makes up bowman’s capsule?

A

Outer parietal (simple squamous epithelium) and inner visceral (podocytes)

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7
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A network of capillaries

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8
Q

Fenestrae

A

Window-like openings in the endothelial cells of the colerular capillaries

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9
Q

Filtration slits

A

Gaps between the cell processes of the podocytes

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10
Q

What makes up the filtration membrane?

A

Capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes

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11
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Supplies blood to the golerulus

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12
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Drains glomerulus

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13
Q

What three processes help in urine production?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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14
Q

T/F glucose is normally found in the urine

A

False

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15
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

Movement of fluid derived from blood flowing through the glomerulus across filtration membrane

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16
Q

Filtrate

A

Water, small molecules, ions that can pass through memrbane

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17
Q

What does the pressure difference do?

A

Forces filtrate acrosse filtration membrane

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18
Q

Renal fraction

A

Part of total cardiac output that passes throguh kidneys 21%

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19
Q

Renal blood flow rate

A

1176 mL/min

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20
Q

Renal plasma flow rate

A

650 mL/min

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21
Q

Filtration fraction

A

Part of plasma that is filtered into lumen of Bowman’s capsule 19%

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22
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Amount of filtrate produced each minute 180L/day

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23
Q

What 5 factors affect glomerular filtration?

A 
Blood pressure 
Pressure within Bowman's capsule
Difference in osmotic pressure 
Particle size
Changes in filtration slit size
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24
Q

What happens to GFR if BP increases?

A

Increases

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25
Q

Is pressure in glomerulus or bowman’s greater?

A

Glomerulus

26
Q

What causes increased pressure in bowmans?

A

Swelling of kidney
Full bladder
Urinary obstruction

27
Q

Is osmolarity greater in blood plasma or glomerular filtrate?

A

Blood plasma

28
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Occurs as filtrate flows through lumens of different tubes, absorbs 99% of filtrate volume, inorganic salts, and organic molecules

29
Q

Where does reabsorption start?

A

PCT

30
Q

Where does reabsorption have to occur through?

A

Nephron cells

31
Q

What drives reabsorption?

A

Active transport of sodium

32
Q

What is the function of the peritubular capillaires?

A

To remove water and solute rom interstitial space

33
Q

What is the descending limb highly permeable to?

A

Water

34
Q

How much filtrate is absorbed in the descending limb?

A

15%

35
Q

What is the ascending limb permeable to?

A

Solutes

36
Q

What is produced in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Large volume of dilute urine

37
Q

What does high ADH do to urine?

A

High concentraion of urine and low volume

38
Q

What does low ADH do to urine?

A

Low concentration urine and high volume

39
Q

Are collecting ducts permeable to anything?

A

No

40
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Movement of substances into the nephron lumen

41
Q

What does the volume of urine directly rleated to?

A

Water intake

42
Q

What is the most important mechanism in kidneys

A

The ability to concentrate urine

43
Q

Does osmolarity increase or decrease moving toward the medullar

A

Increases

44
Q

What is the concentration of the interstitial space at the tips of the renal pramids

A

1200 mosm/l

45
Q

What are the 3 major causes for the production and maintenance of high solute concentrations in medula

A

Loops of henle
Vasa recta
urea distribution cycling

46
Q

What si the function of the vasa recta

A

Remove excess water and solute from interstitial space

47
Q

What is the countercurrent sysemt

A

Two parallel tubes where blood and urine flow in opposite directions

48
Q

What are the walls of the vasa recta permeable to?

A

Water and solute

49
Q

What is urea largely responsible for

A

High osmolarity in the medulla

50
Q

What is permeable to urea

A

Descendng limb

COllecting ducts

51
Q

What is impermeable to urea

A

Ascending limb and DCT

52
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Inadequate ADH production

53
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Inadeqaute production of insulin or response to insulin

54
Q

What is in urine

A

Water, creatinine, urea, potassium, H+, phosphate

55
Q

Tubular maximum

A

Maximum amount of a substance filtered at the glomerulus that can be reabsorbed

56
Q

What determines the tubular maximum

A

Number of active transport carrier molecules

57
Q

What moves urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Hydrostatic pressure
Gravity
Peristaltic wave

58
Q

What activates the micrturition reflex

A

Bladder filling and stretching

59
Q

What controls the internal sphincter muscle

A

ANS

60
Q

What controls the external sphincter muscle

A

SNS

Anatomy (11 decks)

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