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Anatomy > The digestive system > Flashcards

The digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive tract

A

Tube from the mouth to the anus

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2
Q

Process of the digestive tract (10)

A 
Ingestion
Mastication
Propulsion
Deglutition
Peristalsis
Mixing
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
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3
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in of food to generate energy and to supply materials

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4
Q

Mastication

A

Break into smaller pieces to increase surface area for enzymatic digestion

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5
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial and lateral pterygoids

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6
Q

Propulsion

A

Movement of food from one end to the other

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7
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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8
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscle contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles

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9
Q

Mixing

A

Moves food back and forth in stomach to aid in mechanical digestion

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10
Q

Segmental contractions

A

Mixing in the small intestine

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11
Q

Secretions (3)

A

Fluids to dissolve
Mucous to lubricate and protect
Enzymes/bile to digest

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12
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of large molecules mechanically or chemically

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13
Q

Absorption

A

Form the outside of body fluids to the inside by diffusion or active transport

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14
Q

Elimination

A

Waste removal from body by large intestine

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15
Q

Layers of mucosa

A

Mucous epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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16
Q

Mucous epithelium

A

Moist non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus) or simple columnar (small and large intestines)

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17
Q

Lamina propria

A

Loose connective tissue

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18
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Thin layer between mucosa and submucosa

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19
Q

Submucosa components

A

Loose connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nervous tissue

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20
Q

Submucosal plexus

A

Nervous tissue of the submucosa that is a parasympathetic ganglionic plexus

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21
Q

Muscularis

A

Smooth muscle consisting of an inner circular and outer longitudinal

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22
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies between the two muscularis layers

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23
Q

Enteric plexus

A

Submucosal and myenteric plexuses

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24
Q

Enteric sensory neurons

A

Detect chemical composition and mechanical stimulation

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25
Q

Enteric motor neurons

A

Stimulates or inhibits smooth muscle

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26
Q

Enteric interneurons

A

Connect sensory to motor

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27
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane covering the abdominal wall and organs that secretes serous fluid for lubrication

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28
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that covers the abdominal cavity

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29
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that covers the organs in the abdominal cavity

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30
Q

Mesentery

A

Connective tissue sheets that hold organs in place and allow passage of blood, lymph, and nerves

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31
Q

Omentum

A

Extension of the mesentery

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32
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Connects lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum to liver and diaphragm

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33
Q

Greater omentum

A

Extends from greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon

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34
Q

Omental bursa

A

Large fold formed by the greater omentum

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35
Q

Transverse mesocolon

A

From transverse colon to abdominal wall

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36
Q

Sigmoid mesocolon

A

From sigmoid colon to abdominal wall

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37
Q

Voluntary phase of swallowing

A

Food pushed toward oropharynx

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38
Q

Pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

Reflex of skeletal muscles that involves stimulation of tactile receptors, sensory and motor neurons, constrictor muscles and sphincter relaxation

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39
Q

Esophageal phase of swallowing

A

Peristaltic waves involving tactile receptors in esophagus

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40
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Initiates digestion of starch

41
Q

Components of saliva (4)

A

Salivary amylase, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, Mucin

42
Q

Parotid glands

A

Serous secretions found inferior and anterior to ear pinna that empties adjacent to second upper molar

43
Q

Submandibular glands

A

Serous and mucous secretions found inferior and medial to mandible

44
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Mixed secretions found inferior and lateral to tongue

45
Q

Nasopharynx histology

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

46
Q

Oropharynx histology

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

47
Q

Laryngopharynx histology

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

48
Q

Stomach function

A

Storage and mixing of food into chyme

Some digestion and absorption

49
Q

Serosa

A

Simple squamous epithelium with mucous that is the outer layer of the stomach

50
Q

Muscularis of stomach

A

Middle layer that allows for mixing contractions made of 3 layers

51
Q

Gastric pits

A

Tube-like extensions lined with epithelium

52
Q

Surface mucinous cells

A

Produce mucous on surface for protection

53
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Alkaline and protective

54
Q

Parietal cells

A

Produce HCl and intrinsic factor

55
Q

Chief cells

A

Produce pepsinogen

56
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Produce regulatory hormones

57
Q

HCl functions (4)

A

Kills bacteria, lowers chyme pH, aids in digestion, denatures proteins

58
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Converted to pepsin at pH <3 that catalyzes hydrolysis of peptide bonds

59
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulates HCl, pepsinogen, and histamine secretion

60
Q

Histamine

A

Stimulates secretion of HCl

61
Q

Gastric phase

A

Secretion of HCl, pepsinogen, mucous, gastrin, and histamine stimulated by food in the stomach and stomach distension

62
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Secretion of cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide, and secretin stimulated by chyme entering duodenum

63
Q

Secretin

A

Inhibits gastric secretions

64
Q

Duodenum

A

Major absorption site and first part of small intestine

65
Q

Jejunum

A

Second part of small intestine, major absorption site

66
Q

Ileum

A

Longest part and last part of small intestine

67
Q

Major duodenal papillae

A

Site where common bile duct and pancreatic duct join to form hepatopancreatic ampulla that empties into duodenum

68
Q

Absorptive cells of small intestine

A

Absorb digested food and produce digestive enzymes

69
Q

Granular cells of small intestine

A

Protect epithelium from bacteria

70
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

Water and salt reabsorption and storage of waste

71
Q

Cecum

A

Junction of the small and large intestine that is vestigial in humans

72
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

Lymphatic structure with lymph nodules

73
Q

Teniae coli

A

Three bands of smooth muscle that make up the longitudinal layer of the colon

74
Q

Haustra

A

Pouches of the colon that form when the teniae coli contracts where reabsorption occurs

75
Q

Crypts

A

Tube like extensions from the colon lining with many goblet cells to protect mucous membrane and lubricate fecal matter

76
Q

Mass movement

A

Peristaltic wave that extends over a large area that propels fecal matter toward rectum most common after eating

77
Q

Defecation reflex

A

Triggered by distension of the rectal wall and mass movement in colon causing a relaxation of the internal sphincter

78
Q

Porta

A

Area in the inferior liver for entrance/exit of vessels, ducts, and nerves

79
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Circulation from intestine

80
Q

Hepatic duct

A

Drains bile from liver

81
Q

Cystic duct

A

Drains from the gall bladder

82
Q

Common bile duct

A

Joining of cystic and hepatic ducts that drains into the duodenum

83
Q

Hepatic cords

A

Collections of hepatocytes

84
Q

Sinusoids

A

Blood channels found between hepatic cords lined with endothelial cells

85
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Hepatic phagocytic cells

86
Q

Functions of hepatocytes (5)

A

Produce bile, store nutrients, phagocytize, synthesize blood components, detoxification

87
Q

Functions of bile (3)

A

Neutralizes acidic chyme, emulsifies fats, excretion of bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown

88
Q

Functions of the liver (6)

A 
Bile production
Storage
Nutrient conversion
Detoxification
Phagocytosis
Synthesis of blood components
89
Q

Acini

A

Clusters of cells in pancreas that produce secretions

90
Q

Lobule

A

Collection of acini in pancreas

91
Q

Intercalated ducts

A

Connect lobules in pancreas

92
Q

Aqueous component of pancreatic secretions

A

Neutralizes acids and produced by epithelial cells that line ducts

93
Q

Enzymatic component of pancreatic secretions

A

Produced by acinar cells and contains proteolytic enzymes that are secreted in an inactive state

94
Q

Protein digestion

A

Begins in stomach and ends in small intestine

95
Q

Carbohydrate digestions

A

Starts in mouth and ends in small intestine

96
Q

Lipid digestions

A

Starts and ends in small intestine

97
Q

Micelle

A

Fatty acid and glycerol surrounded by bile salts

98
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Form of lipoprotein that is soluble in aqueous solutions

Anatomy (11 decks)

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