Respiratory system

Question 1

Nasal septum

Answer 1

Divides nasal cavity into two parts
Anterior is cartilage
Posterior is bone

Question 2

External nares

Answer 2

Nostrils that open into the anterior nasal cavity

Question 3

Internal nares

Answer 3

Choanae that open into the posterior nasal cavity

Question 4

Vestibule

Answer 4

Area posterior to the external nares that is lined with stratified squamous epithelium and hairs

Question 5

Hard palate

Answer 5

Ventral border of nasal cavity formed from the maxilla and palatine bones

Question 6

Conchae

Answer 6

3 extensions of the maxilla that form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that increases surface area to warm and clean incoming air

Question 7

Meatus

Answer 7

Tunnel found beneath each conchae

Question 8

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 8

Open into the meatus to increase the size of the skull without increasing weight

Question 9

Pharynx

Answer 9

Common opening of the digestive and respiratory systems split into 3 parts

Question 10

Nasopharynx

Answer 10

From the internal nares to the uvula and contains the uvula, eustachian tube openings, and pharyngeal tonsils

Question 11

Uvula

Answer 11

Extension of the soft palate that prevents reflux into nasal cavity when swallowing

Question 12

Eustachian tube openings

Answer 12

Provides equalization of pressure between middle ear and outside pressure

Question 13

Pharyngeal tonsils

Answer 13

Adenoids, lymphatic tissue involved in immune response

Question 14

Oropharynx

Answer 14

From uvula to the epiglottis and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

Question 15

Laryngopharynx

Answer 15

Posterior to the larynx and extends to the epiglottis

Question 16

Type 1 pneumocyte

Answer 16

Squamous epithelial cell

Question 17

Type II pneumocyte

Answer 17

Septal cell that produces surfactant to decrease surface tension between air in alveoli and surface, aid in expansion, and prevent collapsing

Question 18

External intercostals

Answer 18

Raise ribcage to increase volume in inhalation

Question 19

Diaphragm

Answer 19

Drops to increase volume in inhalation

Question 20

Exhale energy come from

Answer 20

1/3 from elastic connective tissue

2/3 from surface tension in alveoli

Question 21

Exhale forced muscles

Answer 21

Internal intercostals

Rectus abdominus

Question 22

Asthma

Answer 22

Inflammatory response results in decreased diameter of respiratory tract and increased resistance to air flow

Question 23

Pneumonia

Answer 23

Infectious disease process of the lung resulting in filling of alveoli with fluid and decreasing functional respiratory surface

Question 24

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 24

Increase in connective tissue in interstitial space results in decreased lung capacity

Question 25

Compliance

Answer 25

Ease with which the lungs and thorax expand

Question 26

Emphysema

Answer 26

Rupture of the alveoli with a reduction in functional respiratory surface

Question 27

Vital capacity

Answer 27

Maximal volume of air one can expel after maximal filling

Question 28

Tidal volume

Answer 28

Normal volume of air inhaled and exhaled at rest

Question 29

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 29

Extra air one can inhale after tidal volume

Question 30

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 30

Extra air one can expel after tidal volume

Question 31

Residual volume

Answer 31

Air remaining after forceful exhalation

Question 32

Dead air space

Answer 32

Volume of air in the respiratory passages that must be moved with each breath before new air reaches alveoli

Question 33

Minute respiratory volume

Answer 33

Tidal volume times respiratory rate per minutes

Question 34

Pontine respiratory group

Answer 34

Located in pons and medulla and controls involuntary breathing Plays a role in switching between inspiration and expiration

Question 35

Factors affecting tidal volume

Answer 35

Metabolism

Question 36

Factors affecting vital capacity

Answer 36

``` Body size Body position Strength of respiratory muscles Distensibility of lungs and rib cage Heath problems ```

Question 37

Medullary respiratory center

Answer 37

Most active during inspiration and sets the basic rhythm | Has an expiration center that is inactive until heavy respiration

Question 38

Most important sensory receptor

Answer 38

Hydrogen

Question 39

When are oxygen receptors affected

Answer 39

When PO2 drops below 70mmHg

Question 40

Voluntary control of respiration controlled in

Answer 40

Cerebral cortex and bypasses involuntary centers

Question 41

Diffusion of gases depends on (6)

Answer 41

``` Pressure Solubility Surface area Distance Molecular weight temperature ```

Question 42

Pressure

Answer 42

Atmospheric is 760mmHg

Question 43

Solubility

Answer 43

Coefficient of diffusion relative to O2 O2 is 1 CO2 is 20

Question 44

Surface area

Answer 44

750 square feet

Question 45

Distance

Answer 45

Across alveolar membranes is 0.5u

Question 46

Blood plasma carries how much oxygen

Answer 46

1-3mmHg

Question 47

Hemoglobin

Answer 47

Carries oxygen in red blood cells and increases carrying capacity by 30-100x

Question 48

PO2 of blood leaving lungs

Answer 48

104mmHg

Question 49

Where is CO2 and Hydrogen levels high?

Answer 49

Tissues

Question 50

Bohr effect

Answer 50

Effect of pH, CO2 levels, and increased temperature on binding and unloading of O2, shifts curve to the right

Question 51

How is CO2 carried in the blood (3 ways)

Answer 51

dissolved in blood plasma (7%) Attached to Hb in RBC (23%) As bicarbonate (70%)

Question 52

Haldane effect

Answer 52

Effect of oxygen concentration on the carrying, loading and unloading of CO2 If PO2 increases, Hb will release CO2 (lungs)

Question 53

BPG effect

Answer 53

Binds to Hb and increases the ability of the RBC to release oxygen causing the curve to shift right

Question 54

Fetal hemoglobin

Answer 54

Better affinity for oxygen than adult Hb, curve shifted to the left

Question 55

Double bohr effect

Answer 55

Movement of CO2 out of the fetal blood causes curve to shift left, but movement of CO2 into the mother's blood causes curve to shift right