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Anatomy > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal septum

A

Divides nasal cavity into two parts
Anterior is cartilage
Posterior is bone

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2
Q

External nares

A

Nostrils that open into the anterior nasal cavity

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3
Q

Internal nares

A

Choanae that open into the posterior nasal cavity

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4
Q

Vestibule

A

Area posterior to the external nares that is lined with stratified squamous epithelium and hairs

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5
Q

Hard palate

A

Ventral border of nasal cavity formed from the maxilla and palatine bones

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6
Q

Conchae

A

3 extensions of the maxilla that form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that increases surface area to warm and clean incoming air

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7
Q

Meatus

A

Tunnel found beneath each conchae

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8
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Open into the meatus to increase the size of the skull without increasing weight

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9
Q

Pharynx

A

Common opening of the digestive and respiratory systems split into 3 parts

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10
Q

Nasopharynx

A

From the internal nares to the uvula and contains the uvula, eustachian tube openings, and pharyngeal tonsils

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11
Q

Uvula

A

Extension of the soft palate that prevents reflux into nasal cavity when swallowing

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12
Q

Eustachian tube openings

A

Provides equalization of pressure between middle ear and outside pressure

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13
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

Adenoids, lymphatic tissue involved in immune response

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14
Q

Oropharynx

A

From uvula to the epiglottis and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

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15
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Posterior to the larynx and extends to the epiglottis

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16
Q

Type 1 pneumocyte

A

Squamous epithelial cell

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17
Q

Type II pneumocyte

A

Septal cell that produces surfactant to decrease surface tension between air in alveoli and surface, aid in expansion, and prevent collapsing

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18
Q

External intercostals

A

Raise ribcage to increase volume in inhalation

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19
Q

Diaphragm

A

Drops to increase volume in inhalation

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20
Q

Exhale energy come from

A

1/3 from elastic connective tissue

2/3 from surface tension in alveoli

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21
Q

Exhale forced muscles

A

Internal intercostals

Rectus abdominus

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22
Q

Asthma

A

Inflammatory response results in decreased diameter of respiratory tract and increased resistance to air flow

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23
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infectious disease process of the lung resulting in filling of alveoli with fluid and decreasing functional respiratory surface

24
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Increase in connective tissue in interstitial space results in decreased lung capacity

25
Q

Compliance

A

Ease with which the lungs and thorax expand

26
Q

Emphysema

A

Rupture of the alveoli with a reduction in functional respiratory surface

27
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximal volume of air one can expel after maximal filling

28
Q

Tidal volume

A

Normal volume of air inhaled and exhaled at rest

29
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Extra air one can inhale after tidal volume

30
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Extra air one can expel after tidal volume

31
Q

Residual volume

A

Air remaining after forceful exhalation

32
Q

Dead air space

A

Volume of air in the respiratory passages that must be moved with each breath before new air reaches alveoli

33
Q

Minute respiratory volume

A

Tidal volume times respiratory rate per minutes

34
Q

Pontine respiratory group

A

Located in pons and medulla and controls involuntary breathing
Plays a role in switching between inspiration and expiration

35
Q

Factors affecting tidal volume

A

Metabolism

36
Q

Factors affecting vital capacity

A 
Body size 
Body position
Strength of respiratory muscles 
Distensibility of lungs and rib cage 
Heath problems
37
Q

Medullary respiratory center

A

Most active during inspiration and sets the basic rhythm

Has an expiration center that is inactive until heavy respiration

38
Q

Most important sensory receptor

A

Hydrogen

39
Q

When are oxygen receptors affected

A

When PO2 drops below 70mmHg

40
Q

Voluntary control of respiration controlled in

A

Cerebral cortex and bypasses involuntary centers

41
Q

Diffusion of gases depends on (6)

A 
Pressure
Solubility
Surface area
Distance
Molecular weight
temperature
42
Q

Pressure

A

Atmospheric is 760mmHg

43
Q

Solubility

A

Coefficient of diffusion relative to O2
O2 is 1
CO2 is 20

44
Q

Surface area

A

750 square feet

45
Q

Distance

A

Across alveolar membranes is 0.5u

46
Q

Blood plasma carries how much oxygen

A

1-3mmHg

47
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Carries oxygen in red blood cells and increases carrying capacity by 30-100x

48
Q

PO2 of blood leaving lungs

A

104mmHg

49
Q

Where is CO2 and Hydrogen levels high?

A

Tissues

50
Q

Bohr effect

A

Effect of pH, CO2 levels, and increased temperature on binding and unloading of O2, shifts curve to the right

51
Q

How is CO2 carried in the blood (3 ways)

A

dissolved in blood plasma (7%)
Attached to Hb in RBC (23%)
As bicarbonate (70%)

52
Q

Haldane effect

A

Effect of oxygen concentration on the carrying, loading and unloading of CO2
If PO2 increases, Hb will release CO2 (lungs)

53
Q

BPG effect

A

Binds to Hb and increases the ability of the RBC to release oxygen causing the curve to shift right

54
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

Better affinity for oxygen than adult Hb, curve shifted to the left

55
Q

Double bohr effect

A

Movement of CO2 out of the fetal blood causes curve to shift left, but movement of CO2 into the mother’s blood causes curve to shift right

Anatomy (11 decks)

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