Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

(40 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

functions of the kidneys

A
  • filter nitrogenous wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid)
  • maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium), and acids
  • release hormones: renin, erythropoietin (EPO), calciferol
  • degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

major components of the urinary system

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

location of the kidneys

A
  • under back muscles, behind parietal peritoneum (retroperitoneal) (not in abdominal cavity), just above waistline; right kidney usually lower than left
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

internal structure of the kidneys

A
  • cortex: outer layer of kidney substance
  • medulla: inner portion of kidney
  • pyramids: triangular divisions of medulla
  • papilla: narrow, innermost end of pyramid
  • calyces: cup-like regions of the renal pelvis
  • renal pelvis: expansion of upper end of ureter; lies inside kidney
  • nephrons: filters blood and eventually makes urine (looks like tiny dots)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structure and function of ureters

A

structure:
- narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end (renal pelvis) located inside kidney and lined with mucus membrane
function:
- drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

structure and function of urinary bladder

A

structure:
- elastic muscular organ, capable of great expansion
- lined with mucous membrane arranged in rugae, as is stomach mucosa
functions:
- storage of urine before voiding
- voiding (micturition, urination) - all mean peeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

structure and function of urethra

A

structure:
- narrow tube from urinary bladder to exterior
- lined with mucous membrane
- opening of urethra to the exterior called urinary meatus
functions:
- passage of urine from bladder to exterior of body
- passage of male reproductive fluid (semen) from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does oxygenated blood enter the kidneys?

A
  • enters through the renal arteries
  • arterioles carry blood to capillaries
  • glomeruli filter the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does deoxygenated blood exit the kidneys?

A
  • exits via the renal vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are nephrons?

A
  • microscopic units of kidneys, consists of: renal corpuscle and renal tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A
  • glomerus: tiny ball of blood capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule
  • Bowman’s capsule (glomerular capsule): the cup shaped region which ‘catches’ the filtrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the renal tubule consist of?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubules: first segment
  • loop of henle: extension of proximal tubules; consists of decending limb, loop and ascending limb
  • distal convoluted tubule: extension of ascending limb of loop of henle
  • collecting tubule: straight extension of distal tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many nephrons are found in each kidney?

A
  • about 1 million
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A
  • consists of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
  • blood passes through the glomeruli
  • bowman’s capsule surrounds each glomerulus (filtration)
  • renal tubule is attach to each bowman capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 steps in urine formation

A

1 - glomerular filtration
2 - tubular reabsorption
3 - tubular secretion
- happening in nepthron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what controls urine volume?

A
  • mainly posterior pituitary hormone’s ADH, which decreases it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is micturition?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • the passage of urine from the body (aka urination or voiding)
18
Q

what are the 2 types of regulatory sphincters?

Study These Flashcards
A

1 - internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
2 - external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
* bladder wall permits storage of urine with little increase in pressure

19
Q

what is the emptying reflex?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • initiated by stretch reflex in bladder wall
  • bladder wall contracts
  • internal sphincter relaxes
  • external sphincter relaxes, and urination occurs
20
Q

what is urinary retention?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • urine produced but not voided
21
Q

what is urinary suppression?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • no urine produced but bladder is normal
22
Q

what is urinary incontinence?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • urine is voided involuntarily; a common bladder control problem in elderly people
  • may be caused by spinal injury or stroke
  • retention of urine may cause cystitis
23
Q

what is cystitis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • bladder infection
24
Q

what is an overactive bladder?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • need for frequent urination
  • called interstitial cystitis
  • amounts voided are small
  • extreme urgency and pain are common
25
what is the function of the renal corpuscle?
- consists of glomerulus and bowman's capsule - blood passes through the glomeruli - bowman's capsule surrounds each glomerulus (filtration) - renal tubule is attach to each bowman capsule
26
3 steps in urine formation
1 - glomerular filtration 2 - tubular reabsorption 3 - tubular secretion - happening in nepthron
27
what controls urine volume?
- mainly posterior pituitary hormone's ADH, which decreases it
28
what is micturition?
- the passage of urine from the body (aka urination or voiding)
29
what are the 2 types of regulatory sphincters?
1 - internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) 2 - external urethral sphincter (voluntary) * bladder wall permits storage of urine with little increase in pressure
30
what is the emptying reflex?
- initiated by stretch reflex in bladder wall - bladder wall contracts - internal sphincter relaxes - external sphincter relaxes, and urination occurs
31
what is urinary retention?
- urine produced but not voided
32
what is urinary suppression?
- no urine produced but bladder is normal
33
what is urinary incontinence?
- urine is voided involuntarily; a common bladder control problem in elderly people - may be caused by spinal injury or stroke - retention of urine may cause cystitis
34
what is cystitis?
- bladder infection
35
what is an overactive bladder?
- need for frequent urination - called interstitial cystitis - amounts
36
what is urinalysis
a test of urine
37
what is checked during a urinalysis
- colour: pale yellow - appearance: clear not cloudy - pH: slightly acidic - protein: no large proteins - glucose: should not have sugar in pee!!! - specific gravity: density - ketone bodies: no ketones in urine - sediment - bilirubin: no!!!
38
what is glomerulonephritis
- inflammation of glomeruli within the kidney
39
what is renal failure
- decrease in excretion of wastes which results from impaired filtration function. can be acute or chronic
40
what are nephrolithiasis
- kidney stones
Anatomy and Physiology
flashcards
Decks in class (20)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions