Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Supports and gives shape to the body
  • protects internal organs (ex. ribcage, pelvis, skull)
  • helps make movements possible when bones at movable joints are pulled by muscles
  • stores calcium - too much in the blood -> stored in bone, not enough calcium -> takes from bone
  • hematopoiesis - blood cell formation in red bone marrow
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2
Q

5 shapes of bones

A
  • long bones (ex. femur, humerus)
  • short bones (ex. carpals- wrists)
  • flat bones (ex. skull)
  • sesamoid (ex. patella - knee cap)
  • irregular (vertebra)
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3
Q

Anatomy of a long bone

A
  • Diaphysis (hollow shaft of hard, compact bone - main part of the bone)
  • Epiphysis (end of a bone, spongy bone that contains red bone marrow)
  • Metaphysis (cone like flared portion between end and shaft)
  • Epiphyseal line or plate growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth in length. Line in adult bones and plate in children’s)
  • Articular cartilage (covers epiphyses and acts like a cushion)
  • Periosteum (outer layer of the bone, very hard)
  • Endosteum ( inner lining of the bone cavity)
  • Medullary cavity (hollow space in the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow)
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4
Q

Compact bone

A

Hard bone, contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)

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5
Q

Cancellous

A

Spongy/trabecular bone, spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation

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6
Q

Anatomy of a flat bone

A
  • Spongy (cancellous) bone layer sandwiched between two compact (hard) bone
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7
Q

Yellow vs red bone marrow

A

Yellow - mostly fat, fills the hollow of the diaphysis
Red - rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells; later in life replaced with yellow marrow . Hematopoiesis. Found in the cancellous bones of the epiphyses of long bones and flat bones

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8
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

Needlelike threads of bones surrounded by a network of open spaces (spongy, cancellous or trabecular bones). Usually found in epiphyses of bones and contains red bone marrow

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9
Q

What are osteons?

A

Structural units of hard bones/compact bones. Calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers or rings called Concentric lamella. Bone cells are called osteocytes and are found inside spaces called lacunae

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10
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Cell type called chondrocyte

- Matrix is gel-like and lacks blood vessels

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11
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Replacement of cartilage with bone

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12
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage (BUILDS BONES)

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13
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone) (BREAKS DOWN BONE/COLLAPSE)

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14
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Nourishes and maintains bone. Bone cells (inactive osteoblast)

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15
Q

What is ossification?

A

The process of of depositing and tearing down bone throughout life

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16
Q

Calcium

A
  • The skeleton is a source of calcium.
  • Proper formation of bone depends on sources, phosphorus and vitamin D
  • Calcium is necessary for nerve transmittal to muscle, including heart muscle and muscles attached to bones
17
Q

What does the parathyroid gland do in bone formation? What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Parathyroid - secretes a hormone to release calcium from bone.
Thyroid - decreases blood calcium and stores it in blood and stores it in bone

18
Q

What is a bone process?

A

Serves as attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments

19
Q

What are depressions?

A

Openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels

20
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton?

A
  • Axial skeleton (skull, spine, thorax and hyoid bone)

- Appendicular skeleton (upper extremities and lower extremities)

21
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Air cavities located in facial and cranial bones lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system

22
Q

What are vertebrae?

A
  • 26 bone segments from base of skull to tailbone in 5 divisions and separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral disks
  • Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx
23
Q

What bones are in the thorax?

A
  • Clavicle (collarbone)
  • Scapula (shoulder)
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
24
Q

What bones are in the arm and hands?

A
  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
25
Q

What bones are in the pelvis?

A
  • pelvic girdle of coral bone
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
26
Q

What are true ribs? What are false ribs?

A

True ribs have their own piece of cartilage (7 pairs)

Five pairs of false ribs (sharing cartilage) where 2 are called floaters because they are not attached to cartilage

27
Q

Bones of the leg, foot and associated structures

A
  • Femur (thigh bone)
  • Patella (knee cap)
  • Tibia (large lower leg bone - most weight bearing)
  • Fibula (small lower leg bone)
  • Tarsals (ankle bones)
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
28
Q

Bones of the hands

A
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
29
Q

Difference between a man and woman’s skeleton

A
  • size - male skeletons are generally larger
  • shape of pelvis - male pelvis is deep and narrow, woman’s is broad and shallow
  • size of pelvic inlet - female pelvic inlet is generally wider so baby’s head can pass through
  • pubic ange - angle between pubic bones of female generally wider
30
Q

What are exostosis?

A

Bony growth on the surface of bone. Bunion is an example (base of big toe)

31
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone. Porous bones.

32
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine “hunchback or humpback”. can be caused by osteoporosis

33
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine. “swayback”. with pregnancy, some women can experience this

34
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. most common spine deformity in adolescent girls