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Histology Final Exam > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Angiotensinogen is synthesizes by the liver, but must be activated to angiotensin I by ____.

A

renin

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2
Q

In the presence of what hormone can the collecting tubules become permeable to water?

A

vasopressin (ADH)

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3
Q

Are the collecting tubules part of countercurrent exchange?

A

YES

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4
Q

What surrounds the muscle layers of the ureters?

A

fibroelastic adventitia of connective tissue

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5
Q

The ____ is responsible for active resorption of Na and Cl, coupled with the secretion of H and K ions.

A

distal convoluted tubule

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6
Q

What is infection in the bladder called?

A

cystitis

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7
Q

Do podocytes have phagocytic capabilities?

A

YES

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8
Q

The renal ____ and ____ are lined by specialized epithelial tissue called transitional epithelium, or urothelium.

A

calyces; pelvis

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9
Q

Which portion of the male urethra is lined with transitional epithelium, like the bladder?

A

prostatic

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10
Q

_____ nephrons are located in the outer rim of the cortex and have short loops of Henle.

A

Cortical/subscapular

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11
Q

What is the most common protein excreted in the urine?

A

albumin

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12
Q

Where is the resultant ultrafiltrate of the glomerulus passed into?

A

renal tubule

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13
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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14
Q

What are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A
  1. macula densa
  2. juxtaglomerular cells
  3. extraglomerular mesangial cells
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15
Q

The ____ of the kidney contains mostly loops of Henle, collecting tubules, and collecting ducts.

A

medulla

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16
Q

ADH ____ gives rise to hypertonic urine; ADH ____ gives rise to hypotonic urine.

A

sufficiency; insufficiency

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17
Q

What is the infection called if a bladder infection spreads up to the renal pelvis?

A

pyelonephritis

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18
Q

What are the 4 distinct zones of the renal tubule?

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. loop of Henle
  3. distal convoluted tubule
  4. collecting tubule/duct
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19
Q

ACE-inhibitors act to ____ blood pressure by preventing the conversion of what hormone to its most potent form?

A

decrease; angiotensin I

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20
Q

A decrease in blood pressure also causes a decrease in _____, which results in a drop in Na+ concentration.

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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21
Q

When ____ is released from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, the resorption of Na+ and water from the distal convoluted tubule increases blood pressure.

A

aldosterone

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22
Q

What does the countercurrent multiplier system result in?

A

the production of hypertonic urine (concentrated)

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23
Q

When juxtoglomerular cells detect a decrease in blood pressure, they release renin from the _____ arteriole.

A

afferent

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24
Q

The ____ of the kidney contains mostly renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules.

A

cortex

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25
Q

How many layers of muscle does the bladder contain?

A

3 (interspersed with elastic fibers)

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26
Q

What is the space called that sits between the capillary basement membrane and second layer of podocytes?

A

subpodocyte space

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27
Q

What mineralocortocoid controls the distal convoluted tubule?

A

aldosterone

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28
Q

A ____ is a network of densely-packed anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries.

A

glomerulus

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29
Q

Why is BUN not really a great determinant of present renal function?

A

levels cannot really be detected until 75% of nephrons have been lost

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30
Q

What glands located in the urethra secrete mucus and lie within the pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

paraurethral glands

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31
Q

Where do medullary rays converge?

A

renal papillae, when they empty into minor calyces

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32
Q

What is the principle organ responsible for water and electrolyte homeostasis, osmoregulation, and acid-base balance?

A

urinary system

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33
Q

What results from a decreased glomerular filtration rate?

A

decreased concentration of Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule

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34
Q

What are the 3 major types of nephrons?

A
  • cortical/subscapular
  • juxtamedullary
  • intermediate
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35
Q

_____ are integral proteins that form specialized pores or channels for transport of water in the brush border of epithelial cells.

A

Aquaporins

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36
Q

Is there a brush border present in proximal convoluted tubules?

A

YES -characteristic of proximal convoluted tubules

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37
Q

Why is there specialized transitional epithelium called urothelium in the kidney?

A

it is highly distensible and allows for changing urine volumes

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38
Q

The ____ is the terminal portion of a nephron; several tubules converge to form a larger ____.

A

collecting tubule; collecting duct

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39
Q

Vitamin D is converted from the inactive to the active form by the ____ and ____.

A

liver; kidney

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40
Q

What component of the JGA is a chemoreceptor sensitive to changes in Na+ concentration in the filtrate?

A

macula densa

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41
Q

_____ nephrons are adjacent to the medulla and have long loops of Henle.

A

Juxtamedullary

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42
Q

Kidneys synthesize renin and maintain normal blood pressure via which system?

A

the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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43
Q

In the nephron, a ____ is a single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on a basement membrane (the parietal layer).

A

capsule

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44
Q

What is the secondary site of urine concentration in humans?

A

collecting tubules

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45
Q

What layer of the glomerulus acts as a physical barrier and ion-selective filter?

A

glomerular basement membrane

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46
Q

_____ facilitates the activity of special aquaporins that allow permeability of water in the collecting tubules.

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

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47
Q

What component of the JGA are modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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48
Q

Angiotensin I must be converted into angiotensin II by ____.

A

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

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49
Q

What actions move urine down to the bladder?

A

peristaltic contractions

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50
Q

Can urinary stones be broken apart by ultrasound?

A

YES - lithotripsy

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51
Q

Filtration slits contain slit diaphragms made up of the protein _____.

A

nephrin

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52
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers called that collects glomerular filtrate and empties into the renal tubule?

A

Bowman’s space

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53
Q

The scalloped outline of transitional epithelium are referred to as ____ cells.

A

umbrella

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54
Q

What is ACE made by?

A

endothelial cells in lungs

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55
Q

What does the first layer of the glomerulus consist of?

A

capillary endothelial cells

glomerular basement membrane

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56
Q

The ____ is embryologically derived from the nephrogenic blastema, part of the developing ____.

A

nephron; urogenital ridge

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57
Q

What are some complications of urinary stones?

A

hydronephrosis

hydroureter

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58
Q

Macromolecules larger than what molecular weight would be unable to pass through slit diaphragms?

A

molecules with a MW larger than 69 kD

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59
Q

_____ nephrons are located in the middle of the cortex and have intermediate length loops of Henle.

A

Intermediate

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60
Q

Which organs are involved in handling decreased blood pressure?

A
  • liver (angiotensinogen)
  • kidney (renin)
  • lungs (ACE)
  • adrenal glands (aldosterone)
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61
Q

Does the urinary system metabolize and excrete antibiotics when present in the body?

A

YES

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62
Q

ADH secretion from the ____ increases water resorption from the collecting tubules and increases blood pressure.

A

posterior pituitary

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63
Q

What 2 cell types control the distal convoluted tubule?

A

principle cells

intercalated cells

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64
Q

The ____ forms the hollow, dilated end of a proximal convoluted tubule that surrounds the glomerulus.

A

capsule

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65
Q

Increased frequency of urination is called ____.

A

polyuria

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66
Q

What are the cells of the visceral layer of a renal corpuscle capsule called?

A

podocytes

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67
Q

What is the purpose of the layers of muscle in the ureters?

A

to move urine via peristaltic contractions

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68
Q

Is the luminal surface of the capillary endothelium negatively or positively charged?

A

negatively

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69
Q

Your patient complains of constant thirst and frequent urination. What hormone are they most likely deficient in?

A

ADH

70
Q

The ____ detects pressure changes and ion concentration.

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

71
Q

What would a patient be diagnosed with if they excrete proteins in their urine?

A

proteinuria

72
Q

What is the parietal layer of a capsule that continues into the glomerulus called?

A

turns into the visceral layer

73
Q

Why is podocalyxin important in the glomerulus?

A

its negatively-charged barrier prevents loss of anions and large protein molecules

74
Q

Where would you find lacis cells?

A

at the pole of the glomerulus, above the macula densa

75
Q

What does the urinary system excrete? What are the two principle waste products?

A

toxic and metabolic waste products; urea and creatinine

76
Q

Afferent arterioles lead to what structure of the kidney?

A

glomeruli

77
Q

Why are BOTH efferent and afferent vessels arterioles in the glomerulus?

A

high hydrostatic pressures, so stronger vessels prevent leaking

78
Q

What is the primary soluble nitrogenous waste product in mammals?

A

urea

79
Q

Why is the luminal surface of the capillary endothelium negatively charged?

A

the surface layer of glycoprotein podocalyxin sets up a negatively charged barrier

80
Q

Why is the urinary bladder lined by urothelium and contains a fibroelastic lamina propria?

A

to allow for distention

81
Q

What is the peritoneal or visceral surface of the bladder covered by?

A

fibroblastic adventitia (serosa)

82
Q

The thin limbs of the loop of Henle are ____ in juxtamedullary nephrons and ____ in cortical nephrons.

A

long; short

83
Q

The kidney is divided into an outer ____ and inner ____.

A

cortex; medulla

84
Q

What do kidneys synthesize that maintains normal blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

renin

85
Q

Does the distal convoluted tubule contain a brush border?

A

NO - but does have short apical microvilli

86
Q

Describe the arterial blood flow into the kidney.

A

renal artery&raquo_space; interlobar arteries&raquo_space; arcuate arteries&raquo_space; interlobar arteries&raquo_space; afferent arterioles

87
Q

Does the renal tubule concentrate waste products?

A

YES - urea, creatinine, excess H+ and K+

88
Q

A ____ test measures renal function and is an indirect measure of renal disease.

A

BUN

89
Q

____ is the formation of crystals or stones (urinary calculi) in the urinary tract.

A

Nephrolithiasis (pelvis) OR Urolithiasis (bladder)

90
Q

What are the 4 parts to a loop of Henle?

A
  • pars recta (thick descending limb)
  • thin descending limb
  • thin ascending limb
  • thick ascending limb
91
Q

____ is the term for when functional nephrons have been lost (about 75%).

A

uremia

92
Q

What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureters?

A

transitional epithelium (thrown into folds)

93
Q

Are kidneys retroperitoneal or mesenteric organs?

A

retroperitoneal (with fibrous connective tissue capsule)

94
Q

___ surround the glomerular capillaries.

A

Podocytes

95
Q

Where is urine temporarily stored before being sent to the ureters?

A

renal pelvis

96
Q

Higher extracellular Na+ in the medulla, combined with water resorption by the proximal convoluted tubule creates a ______.

A

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient

97
Q

Which distinct zone of the renal tubule is responsible for 75% of water and ion (Na, Cl) resorption?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

98
Q

____ arteries are present in the cortex of the kidney.

A

Interlobar

99
Q

What are the two components to a renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule

glomerulus

100
Q

From what zone of the adrenal cortex is aldosterone released from in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

zona glomerulosa

101
Q

____ of the distal convoluted tubule resorb K and secrete H.

A

Intercalated cells

102
Q

What is the peritubular capillary network called that surrounds the loop of Henle?

A

vasa recta

103
Q

Which regions of the nephron contain microvilli?

A

proximal convoluted tubule
pars recta
distal convoluted tubule (short)

104
Q

In the cortex, the extracellular fluid is more _____; in the medulla, the extracellular fluid is more _____.

A

dilute; concentrated (salty)

105
Q

The process of water and ion resorption in the proximal convoluted tubule is facilitated by what structures?

A

aquaporins

106
Q

Urea and creatinine are nitrogen-containing compounds from the metabolism of _____.

A

proteins

107
Q

What component of the JGA are flattened cells with cytoplasmic processes that surround the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells

108
Q

What surrounds the urethral opening in the bladder?

A

internal sphincter

109
Q

What are the passage determinants through slit diaphragms?

A

molecular size, charge, and shape

110
Q

Increased frequency of drinking (chronic thirst) is called ____.

A

polydypsia

111
Q

The cortico-medullary interstitial gradient produces the ____ of urine concentration.

A

countercurrent (exchange) multiplier system

112
Q

Does the pars recta have a brush border of apical microvilli?

A

YES - like the proximal tubule

113
Q

What is the classic cause of PUPD?

A

diabetes insipidus

114
Q

What openings define the trigone area of the urinary bladder?

A

2 for entry of urine via ureters; 1 for urethral opening

115
Q

What is the rate of filtrate production in the renal tubule in humans?

A

120 mL/min

116
Q

What are the primary functions of the renal tubule?

A
  • selective resorption of water
  • resorption of inorganic ions (Na+ and bicarbonate)
  • resorption of large molecules (amino acids, proteins, glucose)
  • from the glomerular filtrate
117
Q

_____ function in Na resorption, maintenance of acid-base balance, K secretion and K resorption in the renal pyramids.

A

Collecting tubules

118
Q

How much of the 120 mL of filtrate is actually converted into urine in the renal tubule?

A

only about 1 mL

119
Q

What structures do primary foot processes give off?

A

secondary foot processes known as pedicels

120
Q

Where is sodium pumped to in the areas surrounding the loop of Henle?

A

into the extracellular interstitia of medulla

121
Q

Is the glomerulus supplies by afferent or efferent arterioles?

A

BOTH

122
Q

Vitamin D is very important in ____ metabolism.

A

calcium

123
Q

What are the two major components of a nephron?

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

124
Q

What do ACE-inhibitors do?

A

prevent an increase in blood pressure by preventing conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by blocking the action of ACE

125
Q

Where are proximal convoluted tubules confined to?

A

the cortex of the kidney

126
Q

Do collecting tubules contain both principle and intercalated cells?

A

YES

127
Q

Goormaghtigh cells or Lacis cells are ____ cells.

A

extraglomerular mesangial

128
Q

In the glomerulus, blood passes through several cell layers to become filtrate, and then this is filtered into ____.

A

Bowman’s space

129
Q

Which product of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is the most potent vasoconstrictor that can raise blood pressure?

A

angiotensin II

130
Q

The distal convoluted tubule is present within the ____ of the kidney.

A

cortex

131
Q

The ____ of the loop of Henle are long in juxtamedullary nephrons and short in cortical nephrons.

A

thin limbs

132
Q

What specialized structure is used to regulate systemic blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

133
Q

The _____ is a combined baroreceptor and chemoreceptor in the nephron.

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

134
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate?

A

red blood cell production (via erythropoiesis)

135
Q

What component of the JGA is a thickened region of columnar epithelial cells on one side of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

macula densa

136
Q

What activates angiotensin I?

A

renin (by activating angiotensinogen)

137
Q

What act as an additional barrier on the glomerulus to restrict passage of large molecules, proteins, and blood cells?

A

slit diaphragms

138
Q

Podocytes surround the glomerular capillaries and possess cytoplasmic extensions known as ____.

A

foot processes

139
Q

80% of urinary calculi are made up of _____.

A

calcium oxalate

140
Q

What specialized cells in the JGA produce renin in response to low blood pressure?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

141
Q

What is the more technical term for urination?

A

micturition

142
Q

Where are the collecting tubules visible? What are they called?

A

in the renal pyramids; medullary rays

143
Q

What does BUN measure?

A

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measures the amount of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and ammonia present in the urine

144
Q

The ____ of a nephron filters blood plasma; the ____ collects filtrate.

A

renal corpuscle; renal tubule

145
Q

Where does the renal tubule start?

A

Bowman’s capsule (surrounds it)

146
Q

How is the high osmotic pressure accomplished in the loop of Henle?

A

through Na-K pumps in the thick ascending limb

147
Q

_____ resorb water, ions, proteins, amino acids, and sugars.

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

148
Q

What would a patient be diagnosed with if they excrete glucose in their urine?

A

glucosuria (diabetes mellitus)

149
Q

____ cells in the JGA convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I by producing renin.

A

juxtaglomerular cells

150
Q

At what region of the kidney do blood vessels and ureters enter and exit?

A

hilus

151
Q

Your patient presents with bladder cancer. What anatomical region in the bladder most likely houses the tumor? Why?

A

trigone area; this hill-like area almost always has remaining urine stuck to it, which may lead to neoplasticity

152
Q

The ___ consists of specialized areas of afferent arterioles and the distal convoluted tubule.

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

153
Q

____ of the distal convoluted tubule resorb Na and water and secrete K.

A

Principle cells

154
Q

Diabetes insipidus is due to ____ insufficiency, which leads to high volume, dilute hypotonic urine.

A

ADH

155
Q

What is ADH secreted by?

A

posterior pituitary

156
Q

What are the 3 sections of a male urethra?

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy (penile)

157
Q

Where does the bulk of the loop of Henle extend into?

A

the medulla

158
Q

What component of the JGA act as baroreceptors and detect changes in blood pressure?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

159
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle does the muscularis externa of the ureter contain?

A

3

  • inner longitudinal
  • outer circular
  • outermost longitudinal
160
Q

What are the spaces between foot processes called?

A

filtration slits

161
Q

Is urea soluble? Is uric acid soluble?

A

YES; NO

162
Q

PUPD is the clinical abbreviation for increased ____ and _____.

A

urination; thirst

163
Q

What are the 3 ways in which angiotensin II acts to raise blood pressure?

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. release of aldosterone
  3. ADH secretion
164
Q

What are the differences in epithelium in the thin and thick limbs of the loop of Henle?

A

thin - simple squamous

thick - simple cuboidal

165
Q

Are epithelial cells of the collecting duct permeable or impermeable to water?

A

impermeable

166
Q

_____ cells of the JGA are thought to provide structural support and phagocytosis and may assist in tubular glomerular feedback.

A

Extraglomerular mesangial

167
Q

How long is the renal tubule in humans?

A

55 mm long

168
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

in the kidneys

169
Q

Where would you find the outermost longitudinal muscle layer in the ureter?

A

in the lower third of the ureter

170
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

A

to generate high osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid of the renal medulla

Histology Final Exam (6 decks)

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