Endocrine Glands Flashcards
Do APUD cells have different embryological origins?
YES
____ are pineal chief cells and are the most common cell int the gland.
Pinealocytes
What are the two types of chromophils?
acidophils
basophils
C cells or clear cells are ____.
parafollicular cells
____ is when there is excess PTH production.
Hyperparathyroidism
Where is the pituitary gland located?
within the sella turcica “Turkish saddle” of sphenoid bone
Modern staining techniques show 5 subtypes of chromophils. What are they?
Acidophils:
- somatotrophs
- mammotrophs
Basophils:
- thyrotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- corticotrophs
The ____ gland contains basophilic pineal sand scattered among pale staining pinealocytes.
pineal
Which system of the body communicates via chemical messengers (hormones), or secretory products of endocrine cells carried by the bloodstream to receptors?
endocrine system
What are some trophic hormones?
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
_____ organs are composed of secretory cells of epithelial origin and are characterized by prominent nuclei and numerous organelles.
Endocrine
What are some direct acting hormones?
GH ADH MSH oxytocin prolactin
How many pairs of parathyroid glands are found in mammals?
2; superior and inferior
What are chemical messengers?
hormones
Which type of diabetes is characterized by a decrease in the number of insulin receptors or decreased responsiveness?
Type II
In mammals, the ____ is a single endocrine gland with two different embryological origins.
adrenal gland
The adrenal cortex is of ____ embryological origin and is similar to the gonads’ origins.
mesenchymal
Can parafollicular cells make up a separate organ?
YES - in lower vertebrates
Catecholamine release has systemic effects on _____ receptors, especially skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
adrenergic
What two hormones does the hypothalamus secrete via the posterior pituitary?
ADH (vasopressin)
oxytocin
The ____ consists of a downgrowth of nervous tissue from the floor of the diencephalon.
posterior pituitary
What is neurosecretion regulated by?
hypothalmic hypophyseal feedback loop
____ promotes glycogenolysis in the liver as an energy source and is responsible for the production of enkephalins.
Adrenaline
What is the most common cause of hypertrophy (resulting in a goiter) from hypothyroidism?
insufficient levels of dietary iodine lead to the overproduction of thyroid hormone (but it is inactive and starts to accumulate)
_____ of the pineal gland are interstitial support cells, such as astrocytes and microglial cells.
Neuroglial cells
A decrease in the production of ADH causes an ____ in urine production.
increase
T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) are ____ thyroid hormones.
active
The bulk of the pancreas contains ____ acini, which secrete digestive products into the gut.
exocrine
The ____ of aldosterone decreases extracellular fluid volume, and causes hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and mild acidosis.
decrease
What cycle does adrenaline promote in the liver?
glycogenolysis
What hormone promotes smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and breasts, especially during labor and lactation?
oxytocin
___ cells secrete insulin, decrease blood glucose and stimulate intracellular glycogen synthesis.
Beta
What are the symptoms of a pheochromocytoma?
- hypertension
- headache
- cardiac arrythmias
- chest pain
- anxiety
- panic attacks
- nausea
Does the pars distalis secrete both direct acting and trophic hormones?
YES
The endocrine system possesses a rich blood supply with ____ capillary networks to absorb and transport hormones.
fenestrated
What are the dilations of the nerve terminals called that contain secretory products?
Herring bodies
____, such as androgens, supplement gonadal production of hormones.
Sex hormones
___ make up about 5% of chromophils and secrete FSH and LH.
Gonadotrophs
____ is when no PTH is produced by the glands.
Hypoparathyroidism
What is the classical form of Cushing’s disease?
increased ACTH levels from pituitary tumor or cortisol-producing tumor
What does the specialized glandular tissue of the anterior pituitary arise from?
Rathke’s pouch
The synthesis, storage, and release of thyroid hormones is under the control of what hormone from the anterior pituitary?
TSH
What are the parathyroid glands embryologically derived from?
3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
Which zonal layer of the adrenal cortex contains spongiocytes?
zona fasciculata
How do the hypothalmic regulating factors control hormonal secretion?
releasing factors stimulate secretion; inhibitory factors inhibit secretion
_____ hormones target other glands as their target “organ.”
Trophic
What is the secretion of posterior pituitary hormones by axons from nerve cells in the hypothalamus known as?
neurosecretion
_____ are small endocrine glands associated with the thyroid.
Parathyroid glands
Do the GI and respiratory endocrine systems secrete peptide and amine hormones?
YES
_____ cells are modified post-ganglionic neuronal cells with a secretory function and are epithelioid in appearance.
Chromaffin
What is corpora arenacea?
“brain sand” or calcified accretions of calcium and magnesium phosphate in aging individuals
What is a common occurrence of the parathyroids in older individuals?
fatty infiltration
Which region of the brain coordinates the endocrine function of the body?
hypothalamus
____ is synthesized by neuron cell bodies in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
ADH
Which basophil makes up the majority of cells?
corticotrophs
What are the 3 subtypes of basophils?
- thyrotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- corticotrophs
What is a goiter?
enlargement of the thyroid gland
___ and ___ regulated basal metabolic rate (BMR), as well as growth and development of the nervous system.
T4; T3
____ are located at the periphery of follicles or scattered within connective tissue.
C cells (parafollicular)
What does the pineal gland embryologically develop from?
neuroectoderm as an evagination of posterior portion of roof of dicephalon
What are the endogenous opiates responsible for pain relief called?
enkephalins
Endocrine organs integrate the function of which systems?
physiologic
Which of the two active thyroid hormones is most potent (and biologically active)?
T3
Excess PTH production can result in what two manifestations?
bony erosion
lysis
What does the adrenal medulla embryologically originate from?
neuroectoderm
____ is due to increased ACTH from the anterior pituitary either from a pituitary tumor or other cortisol-producing tumor.
Secondary hyperadrenocorticism (Classical form)
Where is T4 deiodinated?
liver
What is MSH?
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
The ____ pituitary contains pink acidophiles, purplish basophils, and pale chromophobes.
anterior
What ventricle does the pituitary lie beneath?
third ventricle
The adrenal ____ contains 3 bands of cells; the adrenal ____ contains adrenaline-secreting chromaffin cells.
cortex; medulla
Insufficient dietary iodine leads to decreased thyroid hormone production and _____, with accumulation of non-functional thyroglobulin.
hypertrophy
Where would you find the parathyroid glands?
on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
The ____ makes up the bulk of the anterior pituitary gland.
pars distalis
Does the thyroid contain a capsule and septa?
YES - made of thin connective tissue
What does iodination do to thyroid hormones?
activates it
The pituitary gland contains the _____ system, which allows communication with the hypothalamus.
hypophyseal portal
What are the two main cell types of the pineal gland?
pinealocytes
neuroglial cells
The _____ is also called the neurohypophysis and is located ventral to the hypothalamus.
posterior pituitary
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are _____.
catecholamines
How is iodine secreted into thyroglobulin?
via apical microvilli
____ take up the basic dye hemotoxylin.
Basophils
A ___ may be indicative of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
goiter
What type of tissue does the posterior portion of the pituitary contain?
neural secretory
Steroid hormones are structurally related to what precursor?
cholesterol
What is cretinism?
cognitive deficits
The secretion of pituitary hormones is controlled by the _____.
hypothalamus
How are these catecholamines transported systemically?
through the large medullary sinuses and capillaries throughout the adrenal medulla
What secretory cells does the adrenal medulla contain?
chromaffin cells
_____ regulate Na and K levels via Na pumps, especially in renal tubules.
Mineralcorticoids
What is the main cause of Addison’s disease?
atrophy of adrenals, usually by autoimmune disease
What is the endocrine tissue like in the pancreas?
it is intermixed with exocrine tissue
When would you have the most production of melatonin?
in the winter (less light)
___ is produced in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus; ___ is produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
ADH; oxytocin
