Endocrine Glands Flashcards
1
Q
Do APUD cells have different embryological origins?
A
YES
2
Q
____ are pineal chief cells and are the most common cell int the gland.
A
Pinealocytes
3
Q
What are the two types of chromophils?
A
acidophils
basophils
4
Q
C cells or clear cells are ____.
A
parafollicular cells
5
Q
____ is when there is excess PTH production.
A
Hyperparathyroidism
6
Q
Where is the pituitary gland located?
A
within the sella turcica “Turkish saddle” of sphenoid bone
7
Q
Modern staining techniques show 5 subtypes of chromophils. What are they?
A
Acidophils:
- somatotrophs
- mammotrophs
Basophils:
- thyrotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- corticotrophs
8
Q
The ____ gland contains basophilic pineal sand scattered among pale staining pinealocytes.
A
pineal
9
Q
Which system of the body communicates via chemical messengers (hormones), or secretory products of endocrine cells carried by the bloodstream to receptors?
A
endocrine system
10
Q
What are some trophic hormones?
A
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
11
Q
_____ organs are composed of secretory cells of epithelial origin and are characterized by prominent nuclei and numerous organelles.
A
Endocrine
12
Q
What are some direct acting hormones?
A
GH ADH MSH oxytocin prolactin
13
Q
How many pairs of parathyroid glands are found in mammals?
A
2; superior and inferior
14
Q
What are chemical messengers?
A
hormones
15
Q
Which type of diabetes is characterized by a decrease in the number of insulin receptors or decreased responsiveness?
A
Type II
16
Q
In mammals, the ____ is a single endocrine gland with two different embryological origins.
A
adrenal gland
17
Q
The adrenal cortex is of ____ embryological origin and is similar to the gonads’ origins.
A
mesenchymal
18
Q
Can parafollicular cells make up a separate organ?
A
YES - in lower vertebrates
19
Q
Catecholamine release has systemic effects on _____ receptors, especially skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
A
adrenergic
20
Q
What two hormones does the hypothalamus secrete via the posterior pituitary?
A
ADH (vasopressin)
oxytocin
21
Q
The ____ consists of a downgrowth of nervous tissue from the floor of the diencephalon.
A
posterior pituitary
22
Q
What is neurosecretion regulated by?
A
hypothalmic hypophyseal feedback loop
23
Q
____ promotes glycogenolysis in the liver as an energy source and is responsible for the production of enkephalins.
A
Adrenaline
24
Q
What is the most common cause of hypertrophy (resulting in a goiter) from hypothyroidism?
A
insufficient levels of dietary iodine lead to the overproduction of thyroid hormone (but it is inactive and starts to accumulate)
25
_____ of the pineal gland are interstitial support cells, such as astrocytes and microglial cells.
Neuroglial cells
26
A decrease in the production of ADH causes an ____ in urine production.
increase
27
T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) are ____ thyroid hormones.
active
28
The bulk of the pancreas contains ____ acini, which secrete digestive products into the gut.
exocrine
29
The ____ of aldosterone decreases extracellular fluid volume, and causes hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and mild acidosis.
decrease
30
What cycle does adrenaline promote in the liver?
glycogenolysis
31
What hormone promotes smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and breasts, especially during labor and lactation?
oxytocin
32
___ cells secrete insulin, decrease blood glucose and stimulate intracellular glycogen synthesis.
Beta
33
What are the symptoms of a pheochromocytoma?
- hypertension
- headache
- cardiac arrythmias
- chest pain
- anxiety
- panic attacks
- nausea
34
Does the pars distalis secrete both direct acting and trophic hormones?
YES
35
The endocrine system possesses a rich blood supply with ____ capillary networks to absorb and transport hormones.
fenestrated
36
What are the dilations of the nerve terminals called that contain secretory products?
Herring bodies
37
____, such as androgens, supplement gonadal production of hormones.
Sex hormones
38
___ make up about 5% of chromophils and secrete FSH and LH.
Gonadotrophs
39
____ is when no PTH is produced by the glands.
Hypoparathyroidism
40
What is the classical form of Cushing's disease?
increased ACTH levels from pituitary tumor or cortisol-producing tumor
41
What does the specialized glandular tissue of the anterior pituitary arise from?
Rathke's pouch
42
The synthesis, storage, and release of thyroid hormones is under the control of what hormone from the anterior pituitary?
TSH
43
What are the parathyroid glands embryologically derived from?
3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
44
Which zonal layer of the adrenal cortex contains spongiocytes?
zona fasciculata
45
How do the hypothalmic regulating factors control hormonal secretion?
releasing factors stimulate secretion; inhibitory factors inhibit secretion
46
_____ hormones target other glands as their target "organ."
Trophic
47
What is the secretion of posterior pituitary hormones by axons from nerve cells in the hypothalamus known as?
neurosecretion
48
_____ are small endocrine glands associated with the thyroid.
Parathyroid glands
49
Do the GI and respiratory endocrine systems secrete peptide and amine hormones?
YES
50
_____ cells are modified post-ganglionic neuronal cells with a secretory function and are epithelioid in appearance.
Chromaffin
51
What is corpora arenacea?
"brain sand" or calcified accretions of calcium and magnesium phosphate in aging individuals
52
What is a common occurrence of the parathyroids in older individuals?
fatty infiltration
53
Which region of the brain coordinates the endocrine function of the body?
hypothalamus
54
____ is synthesized by neuron cell bodies in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
ADH
55
Which basophil makes up the majority of cells?
corticotrophs
56
What are the 3 subtypes of basophils?
- thyrotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- corticotrophs
57
What is a goiter?
enlargement of the thyroid gland
58
___ and ___ regulated basal metabolic rate (BMR), as well as growth and development of the nervous system.
T4; T3
59
____ are located at the periphery of follicles or scattered within connective tissue.
C cells (parafollicular)
60
What does the pineal gland embryologically develop from?
neuroectoderm as an evagination of posterior portion of roof of dicephalon
61
What are the endogenous opiates responsible for pain relief called?
enkephalins
62
Endocrine organs integrate the function of which systems?
physiologic
63
Which of the two active thyroid hormones is most potent (and biologically active)?
T3
64
Excess PTH production can result in what two manifestations?
bony erosion
| lysis
65
What does the adrenal medulla embryologically originate from?
neuroectoderm
66
____ is due to increased ACTH from the anterior pituitary either from a pituitary tumor or other cortisol-producing tumor.
Secondary hyperadrenocorticism (Classical form)
67
Where is T4 deiodinated?
liver
68
What is MSH?
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
69
The ____ pituitary contains pink acidophiles, purplish basophils, and pale chromophobes.
anterior
70
What ventricle does the pituitary lie beneath?
third ventricle
71
The adrenal ____ contains 3 bands of cells; the adrenal ____ contains adrenaline-secreting chromaffin cells.
cortex; medulla
72
Insufficient dietary iodine leads to decreased thyroid hormone production and _____, with accumulation of non-functional thyroglobulin.
hypertrophy
73
Where would you find the parathyroid glands?
on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
74
The ____ makes up the bulk of the anterior pituitary gland.
pars distalis
75
Does the thyroid contain a capsule and septa?
YES - made of thin connective tissue
76
What does iodination do to thyroid hormones?
activates it
77
The pituitary gland contains the _____ system, which allows communication with the hypothalamus.
hypophyseal portal
78
What are the two main cell types of the pineal gland?
pinealocytes
| neuroglial cells
79
The _____ is also called the neurohypophysis and is located ventral to the hypothalamus.
posterior pituitary
80
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are _____.
catecholamines
81
How is iodine secreted into thyroglobulin?
via apical microvilli
82
____ take up the basic dye hemotoxylin.
Basophils
83
A ___ may be indicative of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
goiter
84
What type of tissue does the posterior portion of the pituitary contain?
neural secretory
85
Steroid hormones are structurally related to what precursor?
cholesterol
86
What is cretinism?
cognitive deficits
87
The secretion of pituitary hormones is controlled by the _____.
hypothalamus
88
How are these catecholamines transported systemically?
through the large medullary sinuses and capillaries throughout the adrenal medulla
89
What secretory cells does the adrenal medulla contain?
chromaffin cells
90
_____ regulate Na and K levels via Na pumps, especially in renal tubules.
Mineralcorticoids
91
What is the main cause of Addison's disease?
atrophy of adrenals, usually by autoimmune disease
92
What is the endocrine tissue like in the pancreas?
it is intermixed with exocrine tissue
93
When would you have the most production of melatonin?
in the winter (less light)
94
___ is produced in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus; ___ is produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
ADH; oxytocin
95
Which glands are pituitary-dependent endocrine glands?
thyroid gland
adrenal cortex
gonads
96
In hypothalmic regulating factor control, releasing factors ____ secretion and inhibitory factors ____ secretion.
stimulate; inhibit
97
The anterior portion of the pituitary contains ____ epithelial tissue and the posterior portion contains ____ tissue.
glandular; neural secretory
98
The ____ is an extension of the anterior pituitary and forms the pituitary stalk, or infundibulum.
pars tuberalis
99
Which region of the anterior pituitary secretes the bulk of pituitary hormones?
pars distalis
100
____ is characterized by follicular hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
Hyperthyroidism
101
Are all the cells in the medulla chromaffin cells?
YES
102
The pineal gland communicates with the ____.
hypothalamus
103
What happens if the surgeon removes the entirety of the thyroid gland, including the parathyroid glands?
damage or removal of the parathyroids causes hypoparathyroidism
104
What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex, from superficial to deep?
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
105
What process is regulated by the hypothalmic hypophyseal feedback loop?
neurosecretion
106
The secretion of melatonin ____ GNRH from the hypothalamus, which decreases sex hormone secretion from gonads.
decreases
107
____ cells can be neuroendocrine cells or enteroendocrine cells.
APUD
108
The ____ is the thin layer located between the anterior and posterior pituitary.
pars intermedia
109
The secondary secretory cells in the thyroid gland are called ____.
parafollicular cells
110
____ serum calcium inhibits osteoclasts and stimulate osteoblasts.
Decreased
111
____ is an autoimmune reaction that results in a decrease in the glandular size.
Hypothyroidism
112
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are stored in cytoplasmic granules called _____.
dense core granules
113
Where is the pineal gland located?
anterodorsal to the cerebellum (above and in front of)
114
Which region of the brain acts as an intermediary between the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?
hypothalamus
115
____ make up about 5% of chromophils and secretes TSH (thyrotropin).
Thyrotrophs
116
____ hormones have non-endocrine target organs.
Direct acting
117
GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, and prolactin are ____ hormones.
direct acting
118
What are the structure units of the thyroid gland?
extracellular follicles
119
What is the thymus embryologically derived from?
epithelial downgrowth of the fetal tongue
120
In what bone does the hypophysis lie within?
sphenoid bone
121
____ cells surround the colloid.
Follicular cells
122
____, such as cortisol, stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (increase blood sugar).
Glucocorticoids
123
____ stimulates melanophores and chromophores which causes a change in color intensity.
Melatonin
124
The left and right sides of the thyroid are connected by a narrow ____.
isthmus
125
Is the pars intermedia well-developed in humans?
NO
126
Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis both ____ blood glucose.
increase
127
What do follicular epithelial cells concentrate?
iodine (30-40X blood levels)
128
Would a pituitary adenoma or carcinoma cause Cushing's disease?
YES
129
The adrenal cortex is regulated by _____ secreted by the anterior pituitary.
ACTH
130
What are the 3 main types of islet cells?
alpha
beta
delta
131
____ increase the metabolism and breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Glucocorticoids
132
___ cells secrete somatostatin, which inhibits both insulin and glucagon production.
Delta
133
What inactive hormone does the thyroid store?
thyroglobulin
134
Which acidophil makes up the majority of cells?
somatotrophs
135
The thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonads are all dependent on which gland?
pituitary
136
These two hormones have reciprocal effects: _____ slowly raises serum calcium and ____ rapidly decreased serum calcium.
PTH; calcitonin
137
TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH are all ____ hormones.
trophic
138
Which gland contains endocrine islets of Langerhans interspersed among exocrine acini?
pancreas
139
How is an Addisonian crisis treated?
exogenous administration of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
140
Where is the thyroid found?
anterior or ventral neck
141
Insufficient levels of iodine would result in ____ thyroglobulin.
inactive
142
What cells does the posterior pituitary consist of?
pituicytes - support cells
| neurosecretory nerve axons
143
____ is an embryologically-derived portion of ectoderm from the oral cavity in the region of the pharynx.
Rathke's pouch
144
What do chromaffin cells secrete?
catecholamines
145
What are the 3 ways PTH increases serum calcium?
1. increases osteoclast activity (inhibits osteoblasts)
2. increases renal tubular absorption of calcium in kidneys (inhibits phosphate resorption)
3. increases calcium absorption in the gut via vitamin D
146
What is the only product of the body that decreased blood glucose?
insulin
147
Secondary hyperadrenocorticism is also called _____.
pituitary hyperadrenocorticism
148
What type of tissue does the anterior portion of the pituitary contain?
glandular epithelial tissue
149
The ____ is a broad, light-staining band that secretes glucocorticoids, such as cortisol.
zona fasciculata
150
Which hormones are secreted by the pars distalis?
GH, prolactin (DA)
| TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH (T)
151
What hormone is antagonistic to calcitonin?
PTH
152
Is a decrease in blood cortisol level or decrease in blood aldosterone level more serious?
decrease in blood aldosterone (lead to shock/death)
153
Which secretory cells of the parathyroid contain NO secretory vesicles?
oxyphil cells
154
____ represent inactive cells in HE staining.
Chromophobes
155
____ cells are the most abundant cells in the parathyroid and secrete PTH.
Chief (principal)
156
What are the 2 subtypes of acidophils?
- somatotrophs
| - mammotrophs
157
What are the 3 functional classes of the steroid hormones?
- mineralcorticoids
- glucocorticoids
- sex hormones
158
Primary hyperadrenocorticism is also called _____.
adrenal hyperadrenocorticism
159
ADH and oxytocin are stored in neurosecretory granules in dilations of the axons in the posterior pituitary and are called ____.
Herring bodies
160
What are the two types of secretory cells in the thyroid?
follicular cells
| parafollicular cells
161
The _____ is a thin, dark-staining band and secretes mineralcorticoids, such as aldosterone.
zone glomerulosa
162
Which region of the anterior pituitary frequently contains cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch?
pars intermedia
163
_____ are small cells that do not pick up dye and show up clear on HE.
Chromophobes
164
____ stain with acidic dye and are pink on HE; ____ stain with basic dye and are blue to purple on HE.
Acidophils; basophils
165
A decrease in cortisol, ____ blood glucose.
decreases
166
Which cells make up about half of the anterior pituitary?
somatotrophs
167
What gland is the "third eye?"
pineal gland
168
During development, ____ cells migrate from the duct system and aggregate around the capillaries of the pancreas to form islets of Langerhans.
endocrine
169
Where would you find islets of Langerhans?
distributed throughout exocrine pancreatic tissue
170
Which functional class of steroid hormones regulates blood pressure via the JGA?
mineralcorticoids
171
_____ or Addison's disease, is the failure of the adrenal cortex to produce mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.
Hypoadrenocorticism
172
What cells surround the axons extending down into the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus?
pituicytes
173
What two hormones does the pars intermedia secrete?
MSH
| ACTH
174
____ is due to general adrenal hyperplasia or a functional tumor of the adrenal cortex leading to excess cortisol secretion.
Primary hyperadrenocorticism
175
___ secrete calcitonin, which regulate blood calcium levels, along with parathyroid hormone.
C cells
176
What happens if there is thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development?
neural development and myelination is impaired (results in physical stunting and mental retardation - cretinism)
177
What is the anterior pituitary gland derived from embryologically?
the evagination of ectoderm from the oral cavity called Rathke's pouch
178
What is the hypophysis?
pituitary gland
179
What is the pars anterior or pars distalis?
anterior pituitary gland
180
____ cells occur in clusters int the parathyroid and contain large number of mitochondria, but no vesicles.
Oxyphil
181
____ are tumors that are generally benign and are a functional tumor of chomaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
Pheochromocytoma
182
The hypothalamus acts as an intermediary between which two systems?
autonomic nervous system
| endocrine system
183
Does the thyroid store a lot of inactive hormone?
YES - unique in this
184
____ is synthesized by neuron cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Oxytocin
185
What cells of the adrenal medulla are controlled directly by preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?
chromaffin cells
186
Which region of the brain controls the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
187
Glucocorticoids and ____ prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response.
catecholamines
188
Is the pituitary gland functionally, anatomically, AND embryologically divided into 2 portions?
YES - anterior and posterior
189
What is contained within the short stalk (infundibulum) of the posterior pituitary gland?
axons of neurosecretory origin
190
___ is deiodinated in the liver to form T3.
T4
191
_____ is an eosinophilic glycoprotein colloid found in the thyroid gland.
Thyroglobulin
192
____ is the increase in the number and size of follicular cells, resulting in increased hormone production.
Hyperthyroidism
193
What region makes up the stalk of the pituitary gland?
pars tuberalis
194
Most endocrine glands form which kind of organs?
discrete (specific)
195
What are the 3 regions of the anterior pituitary that differentiate from Rathke's pouch?
- pars distalis
- pars intermedia
- pars tuberalis
196
Can both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism lead to hypertrophy?
YES
197
In mammals, melatonin has an anti-gonadal effect, which ____ sexual activity.
decreases
198
The ____ pituitary contains neurosecretory axons from neurons in the hypothalamus.
posterior
199
Where is thyroglobulin stored?
extracellular follicles
200
Which of the 3 islet cells are the most prevalent?
beta cells
201
____ is characterized by hyperglycemia and glucosuria.
Diabetes
202
Where are the neuron cell bodies found? What about their axons?
hypothalamus; extend down into the posterior pituitary
203
____ is Cushing's disease and may be caused by a tumor of the adrenal cortex or due to a tumor in the pituitary gland.
Hyperadrenocorticism
204
___ make up 50% of chromophils and secrete GH.
Somatotrophs
205
____, such as aldosterone, control electrolyte and fluid balance.
Mineralcorticoids
206
Decreased extracellular fluid volume, hyponatremia (low Na), hyperkalemia, and mild acidosis are all indicative of an ____.
Addisonian crisis
207
____ is a vasoconstrictor and neurotransmitter.
Serotonin
208
The _____ secretes melatonin and serotonin.
pineal gland
209
Which zonal layer makes up the bulk of the adrenal cortex?
zona fasciculata
210
___ make up 20% of chromophils and secrete prolactin.
Mammotrophs
211
What causes the symptoms of pheochromocytomas?
increased epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion
212
The hypothalamus controls the secretion of _____ pituitary hormones via hypothalmic regulating factors (hormones).
anterior
213
The ____ contains large follicles containing thyroglobulin lined by follicular epithelium.
thyroid
214
___ cells secrete glucagon, and raise blood glucose and stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Alpha
215
____ make up about 20% of chromophils and secrete ACTH, MSH, and endorphins.
Corticotrophs
216
What is the diencephalon?
third ventricle
217
What results from insulin deficiency or abnormality?
diabetes mellitus
218
_____ are highly modified neurons that secrete melatonin and serotonin.
Pinealocytes
219
Stress promotes the secretion of ____, which decreases immune response.
cortisol
220
Which region of the ectodermal oral cavity gives rise to Rathke's pouch?
pharynx
221
Which axons store and release products from nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus?
neurosecretory nerve axons
222
____ controls blood pressure by altering permeability of renal collecting tubules.
ADH
223
The parathyroid glands secrete PTH and regulate serum ___ and ___.
calcium (Ca2+); phosphorus (P)
224
Do the anterior and posterior pituitary glands interact with the diencephalon?
YES - posterior pituitary is actually a downgrowth
225
Which type of diabetes is characterized by decreased insulin production and usually juvenile?
Type I
226
What do the other miscellaneous islet cells secrete?
- vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
| - pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
227
Increased ACTH secretion leads to adrenal hyperplasia and ____ cortisol secretion.
excess
228
Which system lacks ducts and secretes hormones directly into the interstitial space?
endocrine system
229
In lower vertebrates, the pineal gland translates light intensity and duration into _____ activity (for circadian rhythms and seasonal reproduction).
endocrine
230
The ____ gland contains pale-staining chief cells that secrete PTH with clusters of oxyphil cells scattered throughout.
parathyroid
231
What are the two types of cells located in the parathyroid gland?
chief cells
| oxyphil cells
232
What stimulates the release of PTH?
decrease in blood calcium levels
233
The ____ is a thin, dark-staining band and secretes androgens and some glucocorticoids.
zona reticularis
234
What endocrine gland is the "master gland?"
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
235
Secretory cells of the anterior pituitary are classified into ____, which stain, and ____ that don't.
chromophils; chromophobes
236
Are the medulla and cortex of the adrenal glands two separate glands in mammals?
NO - only in lower vertebrates
