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Histology Final Exam > Oral Cavity > Flashcards

Oral Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two epithelial layers associated with tooth bud formation and development?

A

ameloblasts of enamel origin

odontoblasts of dental papilla

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2
Q

Where are the taste buds found in circumvallate papillae?

A

laterally around the base within the sulcus

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3
Q

Which duct of the parotid gland opens into the vestibule, opposite the maxillary second molar?

A

Stenson’s duct

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4
Q

What structures does the periodontium include?

A

epithelium, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone

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5
Q

What joint allows for lateral and anterior-posterior motion important for chewing and grinding?

A

TMJ

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6
Q

Do capillaries run with the periodontal ligament?

A

YES

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7
Q

Which tonsils make up Waldenyer’s ring?

A

lingual
palatine
pharyngeal

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8
Q

The development of ____ induces the differentiation of odontoblasts; the calcification of ____ induces the deposition of enamel.

A

ameloblasts; dentin

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9
Q

What are the taste cells surrounded by?

A

sustentacular cells and basal cells for support

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10
Q

___ are modified for cutting and biting.

A

Incisors

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11
Q

What secretes hydroxyapatite?

A

ameloblasts

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12
Q

What is the flattened posterior surface of the lower molars known as?

A

talonoid

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13
Q

Which taste buds are located primarily on the circumvallate papillae?

A

bitter; umami

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14
Q

Where do terminal taste hairs project into?

A

central taste pore (within the overlying mucosa)

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15
Q

___ salivary production exacerbates tooth decay.

A

Decreased

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16
Q

Where do the internal and external epithelium of a tooth meet?

A

at the Hertwig’s root sheath

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17
Q

What is the part of the tooth called that rests between the root and crown?

A

neck

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18
Q

Which two layers does the tooth form between?

A

condensed mesenchyme (papilla) and epithelial tooth bud (enamel)

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19
Q

What is associated with a taste cell?

A

taste pore, taste hairs, glycoprotein coat, sustentacular cells, basal cells

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20
Q

____ is caused by the accumulation of calcified food and bacterial debris in the gingival sulcus.

A

Periodontal disease

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21
Q

How is dentin arranged?

A

in dentin tubules, which are hollow, parallel tubes radiating out from pulp cavity

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22
Q

What determines the 3D shape of the tooth crown?

A

overall shape of the enamel organ

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23
Q

What is the average lifespan of a human taste bud?

A

10 days

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24
Q

When does the dental lamina fragment and atrophy?

A

after the deposition of dentin and enamel

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25
Q

____ are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and secrete HCO3 (bicarbonate) and resorb Cl (chloride).

A

Intercalated ducts

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26
Q

Do filiform papillae lack taste buds?

A

YES (primarily tactile function)

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27
Q

Where to the striated and intercalated ducts drain to?

A

larger excretory ducts

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28
Q

___ possess basal striations due to the folding of the plasma membrane.

A

Striated ducts

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29
Q

Is there a genetic basis for taste?

A

YES

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30
Q

If a person was considered a “super-taster,” what would the results of their PTC test be?

A

they would taste the bitterness of the PTC

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31
Q

What are the occasional clusters of epithelial cells within the periodontal ligament called?

A

vestigial epithelial rests of Malassez

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32
Q

What cranial nerves innervate the tongue?

A 
V (5)
VII (7)
IX (9)
X (10)
XII (12)
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33
Q

Where are circumvallate papillae located on the tongue?

A

immediately anterior to sulcus terminalis

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34
Q

Which is thicker, a parakeratinized or non-keratinized epithelium?

A

parakeratinized

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35
Q

What is the bulk of a tooth composed of? What is the material?

A

dentin; less mineralized hydroxyapatite and Type I collagen

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36
Q

Cranial nerves __, __, and __ contribute to taste.

A

VII; IX; X

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37
Q

Between which two layers does the tooth form in development?

A

the convex surface of the dental papilla and the concave surface of the enamel organ

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38
Q

____ are animals with teeth that act as a grinder.

A

Multituberculates

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39
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals are manufactured by ___ in the cementum, which then later mature into cementocytes.

A

cementoblasts

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40
Q

What is a PTC test?

A

a phenylthiocarbamide test used to determine the genetics of taste

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41
Q

What type of acid in food and drink erodes the calcified enamel?

A

weak acids

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42
Q

The cells of the enamel organ progressively differentiate to become ____, composed of GAGs.

A

stellate reticulum

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43
Q

In which type of dentition are all teeth very similar?

A

homodont dentition

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44
Q

Where is Waldenyer’s ring located?

A

bordering the nasopharynx

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45
Q

Do foliate papillae degenerate with age?

A

YES - contain taste buds in children but not adults

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46
Q

Calcification of the dentin matrix secondarily induces enamel production by ___.

A

ameloblasts

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47
Q

What is the permanent dental formula?

A

I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3

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48
Q

Are the lips highly sensitive?

A

YES

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49
Q

Saliva is high in __ and __, and low in __.

A

K; bicarbonate; Na

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50
Q

What cells surround acini?

A

myoepithelial cells

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51
Q

Which papillae are associated with von Ebner’s salivary glands?

A

foliate papillae

circumvallate papillae

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52
Q

Lingual, labial, buccal, molar, and palatine glands are what kind of gland?

A

minor, accessory glands

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53
Q

Where do you find taste buds in the human body?

A

tongue, palate, pharynx, epiglottis

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54
Q

Each taste cells contains receptors for ___ taste; individual taste buds contain ___.

A

1; a mixture of taste cells

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55
Q

Cranial nerve __ contributes to general sensation and taste posterior to the sulcus terminalis of the tongue.

A

IX

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56
Q

Dentin is ____ in origin.

A

mesodermal

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57
Q

What type of epithelium lines the gingival sulcus? What is it susceptible to?

A

crevicular epithelium; bacterial disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis

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58
Q

What are the fibers called that make up the fibers of the periodontal ligament that attach cementum to the ligament?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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59
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A 
water
glycoproteins (mucus)
proteins
enzymes (amy, lyso)
antibodies (IgA + ions)
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60
Q

Is the lingual tonsil similar to the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils?

A

YES - in both structure and function

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61
Q

Hydroxyapatite is ___ in origin.

A

ectodermal

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62
Q

Which papillae are associated with von Ebner’s glands?

A

foliate papillae

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63
Q

Which permanent teeth do not have precursors?

A

the molars

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64
Q

Is the masticatory mucosa keratinized?

A

YES - keratinized or parakeratinized

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65
Q

Where is specialized mucosa restricted to?

A

dorsal surface of the tongue

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66
Q

What underlies the mucosal tissue in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue?

A

mass of lymphoid tissue called the lingual tonsil

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67
Q

___ contains stellate fibroblasts, reticular fibers, collagen, and ground substance.

A

Dental pulp

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68
Q

Odontoblast processes are also called ___.

A

Tome’s fibers

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69
Q

Which type of oral mucosa lacks a stratum corneum?

A

lining mucosa

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70
Q

What is the embryological derivation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

ectoderm

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71
Q

What is the tooth root covered by?

A

a thin layer of cementum

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72
Q

What are the two divisions of gingiva that covers the upper alveolar bone and form the cuff around the neck of the tooth, respectively?

A

attached gingiva; free gingiva

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73
Q

Which ducts resorb Na, secrete K into saliva and also secrete lysozyme and IgA?

A

striated ducts

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74
Q

____ is the stage of enamel formation.

A

Amelogenesis

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75
Q

What is the primary antibody ubiquitous in saliva?

A

secretory IgA

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76
Q

What structure do taste cells have?

A

terminal taste hairs

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77
Q

Which papillae are found in furrows or ridges on the lateral portion of the tongue?

A

foliate papillae

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78
Q

In humans, where are taste buds located?

A

on the papillae of the tongue

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79
Q

Why is saliva high in K and HCO3, and low in Na?

A

because of the actions of the striated and intercalated ducts within the oral cavity

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80
Q

Which gland is the largest, located in the cheeks, and almost completely serous?

A

parotid glands

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81
Q

What are the tissues that surround and support the tooth structure collectively referred to as?

A

periodontium

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82
Q

What is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue derived from embryologically?

A

pharyngeal mesoderm

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83
Q

Which type of stimulation results in large amounts of watery saliva?

A

parasympathetic

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84
Q

When do the enamel organ and ameloblasts degenerate?

A

at the time of tooth eruption

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85
Q

Is specialized mucosa keratinized?

A

YES

86
Q

What are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

87
Q

Swallowing is also called ___.

A

deglutition

88
Q

Enamel rods extend from ____ at the enamel surface to the ___.

A

ameloblasts; DEJ

89
Q

What are the two embryologically-derived portions of the tongue divided by?

A

sulcus terminalis

90
Q

Is dentin similar to bone?

A

YES - but more mineralized

91
Q

Is enamel mineralization uniform?

A

NO - it is a non-uniform process

92
Q

Inflammation of the gums is ___; inflammation of the periodontal ligament is ___.

A

gingivitis; periodontitis

93
Q

What type of coating are terminal taste hairs covered by?

A

glycoprotein coat

94
Q

Dental pulp is ___ in origin, resembling the primitive mesenchyme.

A

mesodermal

95
Q

Which part of the tooth is showing potential as a source of autologous, pluripotential stem cells?

A

dental pulp

96
Q

___ are for puncturing and holding.

A

Canines

97
Q

What glands do lips lack?

A

sweat and sebaceous glands

98
Q

Where do you find the accessory salivary glands scattered throughout the tongue?

A

within lamina propria and between muscle layers

99
Q

What nerves innervate taste buds/cells?

A

cranial nerves VII, IX, and X

100
Q

In humans, when does tooth development begin in utero?

A

6th week

101
Q

What are the components of dentin?

A

GAGs
Type I collagen
less-mineralized hydroxyapatite crystals

102
Q

After eruption, the dental papilla shrinks and becomes the ____.

A

dental pulp

103
Q

What type of structure does the specialized mucosa of the tongue contain?

A

papillae

104
Q

What structure of the palate contains a central core of skeletal muscle?

A

uvula

105
Q

Which cranial nerve contributes to the motor function of the tongue?

A

XII (and potentially X)

106
Q

What is the thin band of connective tissue called that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

frenulum

107
Q

What part of the tooth is NOT mesodermal in origin?

A

enamel (hydoxyapatite)

108
Q

___ converts starch to sugar.

A

Amylase

109
Q

Speech, facial expressions, sensory perception, and respiration are also the responsibility of the ___.

A

oral cavity

110
Q

What is one of the implications of a dry mouth? What is lost?

A

they lose the acquired protective pellicle on their teeth

111
Q

What is the oral cavity bounded by?

A

hard and soft palate superiorly, tongue and floor of mouth inferiorly, teeth anteriorly and laterally, oropharynx posteriorly

112
Q

What material covers the entirety of the most external portion of the tooth crown?

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

113
Q

What determines the cross-sectional outline of a tooth?

A

shape of the epithelial sheath of Hertwig

114
Q

How is orthodontia accomplished?

A

by osteoblast and osteoclast activity in the alveolus

115
Q

Which papillae are located on the anteriorly to the sulcus terminalis?

A

fungiform papillae

filiform papillae

116
Q

Which gland is located below the tongue and is mostly mucous?

A

sublingual glands

117
Q

___ is secreted by odontoblasts of dental papilla as a non-mineralized material.

A

Dentin

118
Q

What is the single, apical, secretory process of an ameloblast called?

A

Tome’s process

119
Q

What are enamel rods separated by?

A

interprismatic material

120
Q

What does the central pulp cavity of a tooth contain?

A

sensory nerves and blood vessels

121
Q

Where would you find the taste buds of fungiform papillae?

A

dorsal surface

122
Q

Foliate papillae are located on the ___ border of the tongue.

A

lateral

123
Q

What angle do Sharpey’s fibers run?

A

oblique

124
Q

During which week of fetal development does the epithelial ridge arise from the oral epithelium?

A

6th week

125
Q

Does the periodontal ligament allow movement of the tooth?

A

YES - slight movement is allowed during mastication

126
Q

What is the neck of the tooth protected by?

A

the masticatory oral mucosa of the gingiva

127
Q

What is the primary function of filiform papillae?

A

tactile function

128
Q

Serous acini are often in the form of ___ in mixed glands.

A

demilunes

129
Q

When should tetracycline NOT be administered to a patient? Why?

A

during the development of permanent dentition (6-12 years); the drug is incorporated into the teeth and results in a yellow discoloration

130
Q

Where would you find taste buds on foliate papillae?

A

laterally

131
Q

What type of nerve endings are taste cells associated with?

A

myelinated nerve endings

132
Q

The ___ has many submucosal glands associated with it and is covered by a lining mucosa.

A

uvula

133
Q

Dentin is innervated by ___ nerve fibers.

A

myelinated

134
Q

What covers the teeth with the acquired pellicle?

A

proteins present in saliva

135
Q

What are some additional names for certain cusps used in evolutionary studies?

A

protocone
metacone
paracone

136
Q

What compound can taste whether or not a person is a “taster?”

A

phenylthiocarbamide

137
Q

What do oval taste buds consist of?

A

spindle-shaped central taste cells containing terminal taste hairs

138
Q

Bits of the surrounding mesenchyme form the dental follicle, which later forms the ___.

A

periodontal ligament

139
Q

What forms the dental lamina that eventually becomes the jaws?

A

epithelial ridge

140
Q

What is tooth formation initiated by?

A

the deposition of organic pre-dentin by odontoblasts on the surface of the dental papilla

141
Q

Which cells of the enamel organ become the tall, columnar ameloblasts that will produce enamel?

A

internal enamel epithelium

142
Q

What is the hereditary condition called that results in the total absence of taste buds?

A

Type I familial dysautonomia

143
Q

Odontoblasts produce ___.

A

dentin

144
Q

What are the rod-like cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts called?

A

Tome’s fibers

145
Q

In each quadrant, the lamina develops several globular ___ swellings (one for each deciduous tooth).

A

ectodermal

146
Q

___ contain long, rod-like processes of odontoblasts called Tome’s fibers.

A

Dentin tubules

147
Q

What is the stage of odontogenesis where cells lining the outer convex surface of the enamel organ become external enamel epithelium and the cells lining the concave surface of the enamel organ form the internal enamel epithelium?

A

bell stage

148
Q

The ameloblasts and odontoblasts of odontogenesis are in ____ of each other.

A

direct apposition

149
Q

What is the tongue inferiorly supported by?

A

a frenulum

150
Q

What is the function of the uvula?

A

it prevents food from entering nasal cavity during swallowing

151
Q

Where are von Ebner’s glands?

A

at the base of the papillae

152
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes?

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami

153
Q

___ is an antibacterial agent.

A

Lysozyme

154
Q

Cementum is ___ in origin.

A

mesodermal

155
Q

Low-crowned molars are referred to as ___; high-crowned molars are referred to as ___.

A

bunodont; hypsodont

156
Q

Which gland is located inferiorly and medially to the ramus of the mandible and has mixed salivary glands?

A

submandibular glands

157
Q

Why is the uvula technically considered voluntary, or at least theoretically so?

A

because the core contains skeletal muscle

158
Q

Which duct of the submandibular gland opens at the sublingual caruncle?

A

Wharton’s duct

159
Q

What part of the tooth bud eventually becomes the dental papilla?

A

condensed mesenchyme

160
Q

Which papillae are located posteriorly to the sulcus terminalis?

A

circumvallate papillae

161
Q

The contraction of what cells aid in the secretion of saliva?

A

myoepithelial cells

162
Q

What is another term for taste cells?

A

gustatory cells

163
Q

___ are mushroom-shaped and scattered among filiform papillae.

A

Fungiform papillae

164
Q

What is responsible for the changes in taste with age?

A

degeneration of taste buds past the age of 45

165
Q

What involves the cutting, chewing, and grinding of food by the occlusal surfaces of teeth?

A

mastication

166
Q

Cranial nerve __ contributes to the general sensation of the tongue anterior to the sulcus terminalis.

A

V

167
Q

Where are submucosal glands distributed throughout the body?

A

throughout the submucosa of the oral cavity

168
Q

___ is the inability or decreased ability to detect taste.

A

Hypogeusia

169
Q

What is the secretory unit of a compound/branches tubuloacinar salivary gland?

A

acinus

170
Q

What is the initial shape of the enamel organ? What is this stage?

A

cup-shaped; cap stage

171
Q

The formation of what allows for food to pass through the esophagus?

A

bolus

172
Q

The tooth is formed between opposing layers of ___ cells.

A

columnar epithelial

173
Q

What are the raised points on occlusal surfaces called?

A

cusps

174
Q

We are omnivores, which means our teeth are ___.

A

bunodontial

175
Q

What type of epithelium are both portions of the tongue covered by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

176
Q

The ___ is an extension of the posterior free margin of the soft palate.

A

uvula

177
Q

The ____ is responsible for ingestion, fragmentation, and moistening of food.

A

oral cavity

178
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • moistens food and mouth
  • provides carrier medium for taste
  • buffering
  • digestion of carbs via amylase
  • immunologic function
  • control of bacterial flora
179
Q

Why do we get a dry mouth when we are nervous?

A

our saliva thickens and becomes much less watery and abundant

180
Q

The ____ is the area enclosed between the lips and the teeth.

A

vestibule

181
Q

Which type of duct possess simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium?

A

striated ducts

182
Q

____ cells do not lose their nuclei in the stratum corneum.

A

Parakeratinized

183
Q

Which papillae form a row of 8-12 large, dome-shaped structures?

A

circumvallate papillae

184
Q

How does the permanent dentition form in odontogenesis?

A

as side growths or buds of the dental lamina and the deciduous enamel organs

185
Q

What part of the tongue contains keratinized tissue?

A

anterior 2/3

186
Q

What is the function of Waldenyer’s ring?

A

to protect the respiratory and digestive tract

187
Q

___ and ___ are for grinding and crushing.

A

Premolars; molars

188
Q

When does a child begin to develop teeth?

A

6-30 months of age

189
Q

The ____ half of the tooth bud forms the enamel organs; the ___ half forms the dental papilla.

A

superficial; deep

190
Q

Where would you find the most concentrated receptors for butter tastes?

A

circumvallate papillae

191
Q

The root is embedded in the ___, in a tooth socket called the ___.

A

alveolar ridge; alveolus

192
Q

Enamel mineralization results in highly calcified ____ or prisms that are roughly hexagonal.

A

enamel rods

193
Q

What is the space called that is situated between the free gingiva and the crown?

A

gingival sulcus/crevice

194
Q

What are the 3 different types of mucosa located in the oral cavity?

A

lining mucosa
masticatory mucosa
specialized mucosa

195
Q

Cells lining the convex surface of the dental papilla develop into ____.

A

odontoblasts

196
Q

Aspartate and glutamate would be detected by which taste?

A

umami

197
Q

The outer rim of the enamel organ is known as the ____.

A

epithelial sheath of Hertwig (Hertwig’s root sheath)

198
Q

The ___ is a muscular organ composed of interlacing skeletal muscle fibers that are specialized for manipulation of food and sensation of taste.

A

tongue

199
Q

Which type of papillae is the most numerous, short, and distributed in parallel rows?

A

filiform papillae

200
Q

Which type of stimulation inhibits aqueous secretions, resulting in thick and viscous saliva rich in proteins?

A

sympathetic

201
Q

____ presents in areas of high abrasion, such as the gingiva and hard palate.

A

Masticatory mucosa

202
Q

____ is non-keratinized mucosa found on the inner cheeks, floor of the mouth, and the inferior surface of the tongue and soft palate.

A

Lining mucosa

203
Q

What is the primary dental formula?

A

I 2/2, C 1/1, M 2/2

204
Q

How many ameloblasts does it take to form a prism?

A

1

205
Q

What forms the dentin tubules?

A

the odontoblast processes that are embedded in the dentin matrix

206
Q

Teeth are divided into a __ and a __.

A

root; crown

207
Q

What is the zone called that is between the external haired skin on the face and internal oral mucosa?

A

Vermillion border

208
Q

What is the color of the lips derived from?

A

vascular dermis and thin, overlying keratinized epidermis

209
Q

How is the cementum anchored to the periodontal ligament?

A

by periodontal fibers

210
Q

What is the process of tooth development called?

A

odontogenesis

Histology Final Exam (6 decks)

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