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Histology Final Exam > Accessory Digestive Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the space of Disse?

A

perisinusoidal space

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2
Q

Where would you find a portal triad?

A

at the corners of a liver lobule

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3
Q

Where do drugs and toxins (alcohol, antibiotics) get metabolized and detoxified?

A

liver

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4
Q

What do acinar cells contain that are the inactive enzyme precursors of many enzymes, such as trypsinogen?

A

zymogen granules

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5
Q

___ of the liver contain large numbers of cytoplasmic granules (rER and lysosomal products) and storage products.

A

Hepatocytes

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6
Q

What results if you are unable to absorb bilirubin?

A

jaundice

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7
Q

What are choleliths?

A

gallstones

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8
Q

How does the liver function to detoxify or metabolize various drugs and toxins?

A
  • via the microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER
    OR
  • via peroxidases of peroxisomes (P450 system)
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9
Q

Cholesterol + phospholipids = _____.

A

lecithin

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10
Q

_____ contain large amounts of glycogen as part of their cytoplasmic granules.

A

glycogen

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11
Q

Hormones secreted by which type of cells are the principle regulators of the exocrine pancreas?

A

APUD (enteroendocrine) cells

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12
Q

What causes bile stasis?

A

obstruction of the bile ducts

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13
Q

Can the liver recycle hemoglobin via bile synthesis?

A

YES

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14
Q

Where are interlobular ducts located at in regard to pancreatic lobules?

A

these ducts are located between lobules

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15
Q

What hormone stimulates contractions of the gallbladder?

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

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16
Q

What are sinusoids lined by in the liver?

A

sinusoidal lining cells

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17
Q

Does the pancreas have both exocrine and endocrine components?

A

YES

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18
Q

Cholecystitis is the _____ of the gallbladder.

A

chronic inflammation

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19
Q

What is the purpose of water resorption in the gallbladder?

A

withdrawing water concentrates the bile

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20
Q

Amylase breaks down ____ and lipases digest ____.

A

carbohydrates; lipids

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21
Q

What is the lining of the gallbladder like?

A

it is lined by simple columnar epithelial cells with apical microvilli

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22
Q

The liver and pancreas are _____ organs.

A

accessory digestive

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23
Q

How are hepatocytes arranged?

A

they are arranged in anastomosing cords paralleled by venous sinusoids

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24
Q

The storage and release of glycogen, lipids, and lipoproteins, and vitamin A and D storage are _____ functions of the liver.

A

endocrine

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25
Q

What cells form the entrance to intercalated ducts?

A

centroacinar cells

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26
Q

What happens if the body does not secrete glucuronide?

A

bilirubin will fail to be conjugated, leading to buildup of pigment and eventual jaundice

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27
Q

Which zone of an acinus receives the LEAST oxygenated blood?

A

Zone 3 (centrolobular zone)

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28
Q

What pathology results if you are unable to conjugate bilirubin or fail to secrete glucuronide?

A

jaundice

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29
Q

____ lobules are based on blood flow; ____ lobules are based on bile flow.

A

Classic; portal

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30
Q

What is the space called that is located in between the hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells?

A

space of Disse

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31
Q

____ is secreted by G cells of the pyloric stomach.

A

Gastrin

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32
Q

____ is characterized by hepatic degeneration and necrosis, followed by fibrosis and nodular regeneration.

A

Cirrhosis

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33
Q

Where would you find the ductless endocrine pancreatic tissue?

A

within the Islets of Langerhans

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34
Q

Gluconeogenesis from non-carbohydrate sources (amino acids and lipids) is an ____ function of the liver.

A

endocrine

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35
Q

Are hepatocytes diploid?

A

YES - but some are polyploid or binucleate

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36
Q

What might the accumulation of bilirubin pigment stem from?

A
  • failure to absorb bilirubin
  • failure to conjugate bilirubin
  • failure to secrete glucuronide
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37
Q

____ converts trypsinogen into trypsin, which then converts chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin.

A

Enterokinase

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38
Q

What accounts for the differences we see in the size of hepatocytes?

A

the diploid, polyploid AND/OR binucleate cells we see

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39
Q

You are a pathologist looking at the liver and see necrosis. You notice that the necrosis is concentrated in the perilobular or periportal areas. What kind of insult are you looking at and need to investigate?

A

a toxic insult

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40
Q

What is the purpose of the microvilli located within the gallbladder?

A

the microvilli are used for water resorption

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41
Q

You are a pathologist looking at the liver and see necrosis. You notice that the necrosis is concentrated in the centrolobular area. What kind of insult are you looking at and need to investigate?

A

an ischemic insult (lack of oxygen)

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42
Q

What are the components of bile?

A
  • water
  • ions
  • electrolytes
  • cholesterol + phospholipids = lecithin
  • bile acids (= bile salts)
  • bile pigments
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43
Q

Which artery carries only about 20-25% of blood to the liver, perfusing oxygenated blood with the deoxygenated blood of the hepatic portal vein?

A

hepatic artery

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44
Q

___ function utilizes ducts; ___ function does not.

A

Exocrine; endocrine

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45
Q

Where are senescent red blood cells destroyed?

A

liver

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46
Q

Secretin, CCK, and gastrin are all secretions from ____ cells.

A

enteroendocrine (APUD)

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47
Q

Where would you find Kupffer cells (a type of macrophage)?

A

within the hepatic sinusoids and space of Disse (perisinusoidal space)

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48
Q

What must bilirubin be conjugated with in order to keep it from clogging the system?

A

glucuronide

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49
Q

What is the pathway of blood from the portal tracts through a lobule?

A

blood enters from the portal tracts, passes through the sinuses of the lobule and drains via the central artery (centrilobular or terminal hepatic vein)

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50
Q

Which zone of an acinus is called the intermediate zone?

A

Zone 2

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51
Q

____ cells would contain protrypsin, prochymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase in their zymogen granules.

A

Acinar

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52
Q

Does bile from canaliculi flow into progressively larger or smaller ducts?

A

larger

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53
Q

What is the surgical removal of the gallbladder called?

A

cholecystectomy

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54
Q

Does bile get secreted instantly from the bile ducts?

A

NO - it eventually enters the duodenum after a period of storage and modification in the gallbladder

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55
Q

_____ is the water-soluble form of bilirubin conjugated with glucuronide.

A

Bilirubin glucuronide

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56
Q

What is choledocolithiasis?

A

obstruction of bile ducts

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57
Q

What does the P450 system do?

A

functions in the liver to detoxify or metabolize drugs and toxins

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58
Q

What artery supplies the liver?

A

hepatic artery

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59
Q

Where are the portal tracts located in an acinus? Where are the central veins?

A

at the sides; at the tips of the “diamond” (longitudinal axis)

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60
Q

____ is secreted by I cells.

A

CCK

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61
Q

Which organ is a highly lobulated gland with a very thin connective tissue capsule, located adjacent to the duodenum?

A

pancreas

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62
Q

Did the pancreas form from a primitive gut outgrowth?

A

YES

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63
Q

What do intercalated ducts empty into?

A

intralobular ducts

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64
Q

How do both the liver and pancreas develop in the embryo?

A

as embryological outgrowths of the primitive gut

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65
Q

Which vitamins would you most likely find in the liver?

A

fat-soluble vitamins ADEK

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66
Q

What type of collagen supports hepatic cords and sinusoids?

A

Type III collagen

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67
Q

The ____ is a muscular sac located in a depression along the posterior surface of the liver and its function is to store and concentrate bile.

A

gallbladder

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68
Q

Would the actions of intercalated ducts be considered exocrine? Why or why not?

A

YES; because the intercalated ducts from the pancreas secrete a solution to neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach

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69
Q

What are the two categorized functions of the liver?

A

exocrine functions

endocrine functions

70
Q

Which 4 hormones are the principle regulators of the exocrine pancreas?

A

gastrin
secretin
CCK
enterokinase

71
Q

What are the spaces between hepatocytes of the liver called?

A

sinusoids

72
Q

Can the liver regenerate?

A

YES - but not always as organized as it was

73
Q

Where does bile eventually enter the duodenum?

A

at the major duodenal papilla

74
Q

The hepatic artery is the branch of the _____.

A

celiac trunk

75
Q

How are the cords of hepatocytes arranged?

A

arranged in lobules

76
Q

The ____ of the gallbladder is highly folded with occasional tubuloalveolar mucus glands.

A

lamina propria

77
Q

The _____ of bile leads to gallstones, or biliary calculi.

A

supersaturation

78
Q

What pigment do aging hepatocytes accumulate?

A

lipofuscin

79
Q

Cholecyst refers to the ____.

A

gallbladder

80
Q

Where would you find the portal artery?

A

hepatic lobules

81
Q

Hemolytic anemia and liver disease can also cause ____.

A

jaundice

82
Q

Synthesis of plasma proteins (fibrinogen, urea, albumin, prothrombin) is an ____ of the liver.

A

endocrine

83
Q

rER and lysosomal products are _____ granules.

A

cytoplasmic

84
Q

Why does alcoholism cause pancreatitis?

A

the alcohol breaks down the cells, which allows the zymogens to be released

85
Q

What layer is stimulated by CCK to cause contractions of the gallbladder?

A

muscularis externa

86
Q

What do the densely packed serous acini contain?

A

pyramidal secretory cells

87
Q

What is the best known bile pigment? What is it?

A

bilirubin; a non-soluble breakdown product of hemoglobin

88
Q

Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen are ____.

A

zymogens

89
Q

____ is the buildup of gallstones from the supersaturation of bile.

A

Cholelithiasis

90
Q

What do the pyramidal secretory cells of serous acini surround?

A

a central lumen (which is the duct)

91
Q

You obtain two pieces of GI tract and are told that one is the gallbladder. How would you determine which section is gallbladder, histologically?

A

the gallbladder section would lack a muscularis mucosae

92
Q

In the ____, the deamination of amino acids into urea is an example of detoxification of metabolic waste.

A

liver

93
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

hepatocytes

94
Q

Venous draining of the liver lobules is via the ____ veins, which then drain into the ____ vein.

A

central; hepatic

95
Q

In an acinus, ____ is most susceptible to toxic injury, while ____ is most susceptible to ischemic injury.

A

Zone 1 (perilobular or periportal); Zone 3 (centrolobular)

96
Q

_____ add bicarbonate and water into the pancreatic secretions to neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach to generate an optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes.

A

Intercalated ducts

97
Q

Where do metabolic processes such as glycogen synthesis, glycogen storage, and gluconeogenesis occur?

A

liver

98
Q

Where would you find Ito cells?

A

between hepatocytes

99
Q

Which zone of an acinus is furthest from the portal tract but nearest to the central vein?

A

Zone 3 (centrolobular zone)

100
Q

_____ cells are fixed tissue macrophages.

A

Kupffer

101
Q

Reticulin consists of type ___ collagen fibers.

A

III

102
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein carry?

A

blood from the gut and potentially toxic compounds absorbed from the diet

103
Q

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of pancreatic fluid?

A

gastrin

104
Q

Which enzyme converts trypsinogen into trypsin within the small intestine?

A

enterokinase

105
Q

____ cells are fat-storing cells containing lipid droplets, used for vitamin A and D storage in the liver.

A

Ito

106
Q

What is the pathway of ducts from intercalated ducts to the extralobular ducts?

A

intercalated&raquo_space; intralobular&raquo_space; interlobular (extralobular)

107
Q

Where are plasma proteins such as clotting factors, albumin, and lipoproteins synthesized?

A

liver

108
Q

The liver is a very ____-rich, but ____-poor environment due to its blood supply.

A

nutrient; oxygen

109
Q

You have your gallbladder removed. Do you still make bile? What dietary restrictions might you have?

A

YES; may need to limit ingestion of fats

110
Q

What type of liver lobule is hexagonal and has a central vein in the middle of the lobule and may be bordered by a thin, connective tissue septum?

A

classic lobule

111
Q

Where is bile secreted into after it is synthesized by hepatocytes?

A

network of bile canaliculi

112
Q

Which zone of an acinus is closest to the portal tract and receives the MOST oxygenated blood?

A

Zone 1 (perilobular or periportal zone)

113
Q

What type of liver lobule is a diamond-shaped region between neighboring central veins that combines the aspects of blood flow, oxygenation, metabolism and pathology?

A

acinus

114
Q

What volume can the gallbladder hold?

A

about 100 mL

115
Q

What prevents the pancreas from digesting itself?

A

cascase reaction

116
Q

Bile synthesis and secretion is an ____ function of the liver.

A

exocrine

117
Q

What is the role of secretin, CCK, and gastrin in bile flow?

A

these hormones increase bile flow from the liver

118
Q

An individual presents to the ER with suspected poisoning. Necrosis from what portion of the liver lobule would you expect to see?

A

perilobular or periportal necrosis

119
Q

CCK is cholecystokinin, but can also be called ____.

A

pancreozymin

120
Q

The ____ is the largest gland and internal organ.

A

liver

121
Q

____ is the autodigestion of the pancreas, most commonly brought on by alcoholism.

A

Pancreatitis

122
Q

What does chymotrypsin do?

A

it digests proteins (it is a protease)

123
Q

What are the duct cells called that form the beginning of the intercalated duct and are sometimes visible in the center of acini?

A

centroacinar cells

124
Q

What hormones increase the amount of bile flow from the liver?

A

secretin
CCK
gastrin

125
Q

The ____ carries 75-80% of blood to the liver.

A

hepatic portal vein

126
Q

What are some alternate names for the central vein in a liver lobule?

A

centrilobular vein OR terminal hepatic venule

127
Q

What are the primary components of gallstones?

A

cholesterol

calcium salts

128
Q

____ fibers support the hepatic cords and sinuses?

A

reticulin

129
Q

Secretin, CCK, and enterokinase are secreted by the ____.

A

duodenum

130
Q

What shape are individual hepatocytes?

A

polygonal

131
Q

What makes up the portal tract or triad?

A

portal artery
portal vein
bile duct
portal lymphatics

132
Q

A ___ is a compound, acinar serous gland.

A

duct

133
Q

Necrosis from what zone of the hepatic lobules would be present in a patient who has suffered from a heart attack?

A

centrolobular necrosis

134
Q

Why is portal hypertension often associated with cirrhosis?

A

because due to the fibrosis of liver structures, blood flow can be blocked

135
Q

Which type of liver lobule is triangular, based on blood flow and has the portal triad at the center and central veins at the corners?

A

portal lobule

136
Q

Nodular regeneration is associated with ____.

A

liver cirrhosis

137
Q

____ function is through the secretion of products via ducts.

A

Exocrine

138
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

left
right
caudate
quadrate

139
Q

What layer does the gallbladder lack?

A

muscularis mucosae

140
Q

What type of liver function is the synthesis of glucose?

A

endocrine

141
Q

What happens to the cascade reaction in pancreatitis?

A

it breaks down and allows the premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin, which leads to autolysis

142
Q

Which zone of an acinus is most susceptible to toxic injury?

A

Zone 1 (perilobular or periportal zone)

143
Q

What is the connective tissue capsule called that covers the external surface of the liver?

A

Glisson’s capsule

144
Q

Which hormone stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens?

A

CCK

145
Q

How do monosaccharides and amino acids from digestion enter the liver?

A

through the hepatic portal vein

146
Q

____ are small canals located between adjacent hepatocytes, formed by grooves in the plasma membranes between the cells.

A

Bile canaliculi

147
Q

Is most of the pancreas endocrine or exocrine?

A

exocrine (many ducts)

148
Q

What is concentrated in the liver as a waste product that contains lots of nitrogen?

A

urea

149
Q

How much bile does the average adult human secrete each day?

A

1 liter

150
Q

Which portion of the GI tract contains the port to excrete bile?

A

duodenum

151
Q

What is bile synthesized by?

A

hepatocytes

152
Q

Can severe pancreatitis be fatal?

A

YES - within hours

153
Q

How many zones an acinus divided into in the liver?

A

3 zones

154
Q

Trypsin and chymotrypsin are ____ located within the pancreas.

A

proteases

155
Q

___ inhibits gastric secretions.

A

Secretin

156
Q

At what structure do the pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum?

A

major duodenal papilla

157
Q

____ is an emulsifying agent and facilitates the hydrolysis of lipids by pancreatic lipases.

A

Bile

158
Q

____ is secreted by S cells.

A

Secretin

159
Q

Which way does bile flow?

A

opposite of blood flow

160
Q

Can you still concentrate bile after a cholecystectomy?

A

NO

161
Q

Gastrin is secreted by the ____.

A

stomach

162
Q

What often results from repeated insults or chronic disease to the liver?

A

cirrhosis

163
Q

What type of cells is the pancreas characterized by?

A

acinar cells

164
Q

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate by the cells of the intercalated ducts?

A

secretin

165
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur in the body?

A

in the liver

166
Q

What is the space of Disse (perisinusoidal space) continuous with?

A

lymphatics

167
Q

What do the products of carbohydrate and lipid digestion empty into?

A

intercalated ducts

168
Q

What constitutes an accessory digestive organ?

A

if the organ was an outgrowth of the primitive gut

169
Q

____ function is without the utilization of ducts, secreting products directly into the blood stream.

A

Endocrine

170
Q

Bile from canaliculi flow into bile ducts from the portal triad, and eventually into larger _____ ducts scattered throughout the parenchyma.

A

intrahepatic

171
Q

_____ make up a discontinuous endothelium with gaps in between endothelial cells that line the sinusoids.

A

Sinusoidal lining cells

172
Q

What do the intralobular ducts empty into?

A

interlobular (extralobular) ducts

Histology Final Exam (6 decks)

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