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Histology Final Exam > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the life span of a chief cell?

A

about a year (long lifespan!)

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2
Q

Where is the primary site for absorption and digestion in the GI tract?

A

small intestine

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3
Q

Where would you find the parasympathetic motor nerve synapse in regards to the organ?

A

the ganglia are located very near the effector organ

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4
Q

Why is lipid digestion so drawn out?

A

it stages the amount of lipid released into the blood at one time to prevent issues from mass amounts of fat being introduced into the bloodstream

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5
Q

The production and secretion of urease ___ gastric pH and ___ acid production.

A

increases; increases

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6
Q

What are the 5 different classes of gastric glands?

A
  • mucus secreting cells
  • acid secreting cells
  • pepsin secreting cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • undifferentiated stem cells
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7
Q

Food undergoes mechanical breakdown via muscle activity and chemical breakdown via gastric secretions to form ___.

A

chyme

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8
Q

The ____ is a small, blind-ended sac that is distal to the ileocecal junction.

A

appendix

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9
Q

Where would you find undifferentiated stem cells in gastric glands?

A

in the neck of the gland

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10
Q

Which structure of the rectum contains longitudinal folds called anal columns?

A

anal canal

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11
Q

How do you distinguish villi from plica circulares in section?

A

villi - core of lamina propria

plica - core of submucosa

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12
Q

Are anal glands branched, straight, tubular glands?

A

YES - which secrete mucus

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13
Q

What are the 5 phases of food breakdown?

A 
ingestion
fragmentation
digestion
absorption
elimination
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14
Q

The stomach completes ___ and initiates ___ during the first phases of digestion.

A

fragmentation; digestion

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15
Q

What are APUD cells?

A

“amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation” cells

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16
Q

____ stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and the release of bile acids.

A

CCK

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17
Q

__ cells secrete GIP, or gastric inhibitory peptide.

A

K

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18
Q

____ are extracellular droplets for transport; ____ are intracellular droplets for transport.

A

Micelles; chylomicrons

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19
Q

Epithelium of the villi is supported by the connective tissue ____ and contains capillaries and lymphatics for absorption of nutrients.

A

lamina propria

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20
Q

Where would you find parasympathetic ganglia in the GI tract?

A

ganglia are located within the walls of the gut organ, within the submucosa and muscularis externa

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21
Q

How often are enterocytes replaced?

A

every 3-5 days

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22
Q

Peyer’s patches contain both __ and __ cells.

A

B; T

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23
Q

How can someone decrease their risk of colon cancer?

A
  • increasing fiber in diet
  • decreases colon cancer
  • by reducing transit time
  • and increasing GI motility
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24
Q

What are the pancreatic proteolytic enzymes secreted as?

A

inactive precursors (zymogens); so, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen to prevent autolysis

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25
Q

What is the more technical term for swallowing?

A

degluttination

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26
Q

___ and ___ promote the secretion of the exocrine pancreas.

A

Secretin; CCK

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27
Q

What is secreted by G cells?

A

gastrin

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28
Q

Where are actively dividing stem cells of the small intestine located at the base of?

A

crypts

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29
Q

What is the inner, third layer of muscle in the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

inner oblique

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30
Q

APUD cells are sometimes referred to as ___ cells since they target cells in the local vicinity.

A

paracrine

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31
Q

What are M-cells responsible for in MALT tissues?

A

antigen sampling

uptake of macromolecules

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32
Q

____ helps to produce and maintain an optimal pH for the very sensitive enzymes present in the small intestine.

A

Bicarbonate

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33
Q

___ and ___ amylases hydrolyze starch to disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, and isomaltose).

A

Salivary; pancreatic

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34
Q

What is the exit of the GI tract?

A

anus

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35
Q

Both the fundus and corpus of the stomach are ____ and almost non-discernible histologically.

A

glandular

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36
Q

What do the mucus secreting cells cover?

A

luminal surface and upper third of pit

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37
Q

In which mucosal layer might you find large numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells?

A

within the lamina propria of the gut mucosa

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38
Q

What is one of the most common problems associated with the stomach?

A

peptic/gastric ulcers

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39
Q

Enterocytes produce various ____ for absorption of carbohydrates and amino acids.

A

carrier proteins

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40
Q

A cells secrete ___, which raises blood sugar.

A

glucagon

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41
Q

What are interspersed among the enterocytes and secrete mucus?

A

goblet cells

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42
Q

Where are plica circulares especially prominent?

A

in the jejunum

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43
Q

What are the clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within the submucosa called?

A

Meissner’s plexus (submucosal plexus)

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44
Q

How would glucose, galactose, or fructose be absorbed in the small intestine?

A

through facilitated diffusion since these are all monosaccharides

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45
Q

What are the two primary types of actions performed by the muscularis externa?

A

segmentation and peristalsis

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46
Q

____ is secreted by S cells and inhibits gastric secretions and stimulates smooth muscle contractions.

A

Secretin

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47
Q

Where are surface mucus cells located?

A

at the surface of gastric glands

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48
Q

What is the result of ingestion accompanied by fragmentation of food?

A

a bolus

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49
Q

___ actions in the gut are local contractions only that mix food. They can occur both proximally and distally (both directions).

A

Segmentation

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50
Q

Is pancreatic lipase water soluble?

A

YES

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51
Q

What is the brush border coated with?

A

protective glycocalyx of disaccharides

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52
Q

What are the large numbers of commensal bacteria found in the large intestine called?

A

coliforms

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53
Q

What are the glands associated with the GI tract?

A

liver
pancreas
intestinal glands

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54
Q

What type of connective tissue does the submucosa contain? What is its role?

A

loose to dense connective tissue; supports mucosa and contains larger blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

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55
Q

____ project into the lumen of the small intestine and are dome-shaped.

A

Peyer’s patches

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56
Q

What is the outer layer of the gut, containing a loose connective tissue layer and major nerves, vessels, and adipose tissue?

A

adventitia (serosa)

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57
Q

Can stem cells of the villi migrate up to replace any type of cell like stomach undifferentiated stem cells?

A

YES

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58
Q

Why is the term “peptic ulcer” preferred over “gastric ulcer?”

A

because the majority of these ulcers actually occur in the very first part of the duodenum

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59
Q

What is the most common sign of polyps?

A

rectal bleeding

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60
Q

How often are mucus secreting cells renewed?

A

every 3-5 or 4-7 days

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61
Q

How long is the small intestine in humans?

A

4-6 meters long

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62
Q

What would you find in the duodenum that is not present in the large intestine?

A

Brunner’s glands

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63
Q

The smooth muscle of the gut is controlled by the ____ nervous system.

A

autonomic

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64
Q

Where are parietal cells most numerous?

A

in the middle third of the gastric gland

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65
Q

___ action propels food distally in one direction ONLY with rhythmic contractions.

A

Peristalsis

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66
Q

____ stimulation is excitatory to the gut; ____ stimulation is inhibitory to the gut.

A

Parasympathetic; sympathetic

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67
Q

What step is ESSENTIAL to maximize the actions of pancreatic lipase?

A

emulsification of fat

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68
Q

Are carbohydrates starches?

A

YES

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69
Q

Does absorption occur in the stomach?

A

NO - except for water, alcohol, and some drugs

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70
Q

What are the prominent longitudinal folds in the stomach called?

A

rugae

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71
Q

In the lower third of the esophagus, what type of muscle is the muscularis externa composed of?

A

smooth muscle only

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72
Q

What do goblet cells synthesize? What is its function?

A

mucinogen (»mucus); lubricates and protects the epithelium

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73
Q

What secreted product helps delay gastric emptying?

A

GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)

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74
Q

The liver, pancreas, and intestinal glands are all ____ of the GI tract.

A

embryological outgrowths

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75
Q

Where is mucinogen stored in goblet cells?

A

in membrane bound granules

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76
Q

____ coagulates milk proteins.

A

Rennin

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77
Q

What do surface mucus cells secrete?

A

thick insoluble mucus and bicarbonate ions

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78
Q

Enteroendocrine cells are what kind of cell? What do they do?

A

APUD cells; amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation

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79
Q

What are the 3 layers of mucosa?

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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80
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

the lining of the adventitia (simple squamous epithelium)

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81
Q

What bacteria are peptic ulcers associated with in chronic infections of the stomach?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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82
Q

What make up the epithelium of the villi?

A

enterocytes

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83
Q

Are the digested components of proteins and carbohydrates handled similarly in transport by the body?

A

YES - both transported to portal vein

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84
Q

Is the appendix active in adults?

A

NO - only in children

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85
Q

Panrcreatic secretions are highly ___. Why?

A

alkaline; high pH is due to high levels of bicarbonate

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86
Q

How do mucus secreting cells look on H+E staining?

A

clear

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87
Q

What is one of the cardinal features of Celiac disease?

A

malabsorption

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88
Q

What inhibits the secretion of gastrin?

A

somatostatin

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89
Q

What cells would you find in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine but not in the epithelium of the large intestine?

A

paneth cells

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90
Q

The ___ of the stomach is surrounded by the smooth muscle cardiac sphnicter (GES) and contains predominantly mucus-secreting glands.

A

cardia

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91
Q

___ act as emulsifying agents for digestion of lipids, forming micelles.

A

Bile acids

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92
Q

What are the 3 overall functions of GI mucosa?

A

protection (barrier)
secretion
absorption

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93
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli? What are they the site of?

A

increase surface area for absorption; site of membrane digestion (at glycocalyx)

94
Q

What is the basic process of carbohydrate breakdown?

A

primary starches&raquo_space; disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, isomaltose)&raquo_space; monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)

95
Q

Where does the lymph eventually carry the chylomicrons to?

A

to the thoracic duct and eventually into general circulation

96
Q

What are the two steps to digestion in the duodenum?

A
  1. luminal digestion

2. membrane digestion

97
Q

What constitutes erosion of the stomach?

A

when there is partial loss of the epithelial lining

98
Q

What is the purpose of valves of Kerkring?

A

to increase surface area, slow down speed of food, and contain the submucosal core

99
Q

When is the adventitia referred to as “serosa?”

A

when referring to it in regards to the abdominal cavity since the serosa = visceral peritoneum

100
Q

What shape are gastric glands?

A

straight, tubular glands

101
Q

____ cells secrete soluble mucus and are located at the upper third of the gastric pit.

A

Mucus neck

102
Q

____ cells secrete a variety of peptide hormones in responses to local factors and control GI motility and gastric secretion.

A

Enteroendocrine

103
Q

What are the 3 regions of the stomach?

A

cardia
fundus
pylorus

104
Q

The small intestine is ___ in carnivores and ___ in herbivores.

A

shorter; longer

105
Q

Can the adventitia merge with retroperitoneal tissue?

A

YES - this is why it may not be visible as a discreet layer

106
Q

What is the junction called that separates the esophagus and the opening of the stomach?

A

gastroesophageal sphincter (at the gastroesophageal junction)

107
Q

How much of our feces is our own sloughed epithelial cells?

A

a third

108
Q

___ cells (epithelium) and ___ glands (submucosa) are found within the large intestine.

A

Goblet; colonic

109
Q

The adventitia is continuous with the supporting ___ in the abdominal cavity.

A

mesentery

110
Q

Which is grossly visible on the surfaces of mucosa? MALT or Peyer’s patches?

A

Peyer’s patches

111
Q

How are proteins initially handled in the digestive tract?

A

they are initially denatured by HCl from parietal cells, then hydrolyzed by pepsin into polypeptide fragments

112
Q

Rank the ileum, jejunum, and duodenum from shortest to longest.

A

duodenum&raquo_space; jejunum&raquo_space; ileum

113
Q

Why do pepsin secreting cells stain purple?

A

they have large numbers of ribosomes

114
Q

As ____ cells mature, they migrate up and down the gastric gland and differentiate into whatever cell type is needed.

A

undifferentiated stem

115
Q

What are the larger clusters of ganglia called that are located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis externa called?

A

Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric plexus)

116
Q

Is swallowing voluntary? Why or why not?

A

YES; it is voluntary because the upper third of the esophagus contains voluntary skeletal muscle

117
Q

____ is located in the lamina propria ad submucosa of the small intestine, contains plasma cells, and secretes IgA.

A

MALT

118
Q

What is the brush border (striated border)?

A

it is a highly folded structure modified into microvilli

119
Q

What is the appendix?

A

it is a vestigial cecum

120
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

hydrolyzes protein

121
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A 
cecum
appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
rectum
122
Q

In the duodenum, what do the pancreatic and biliary secretions do to fat?

A

emulsify it

123
Q

What is the mucosa covered by?

A

a thick layer of mucus

124
Q

Why are these proteolytic enzymes released as inactive precursors?

A

so the pancreas doesn’t start digesting itself

125
Q

Which gastric cells secrete insoluble mucus? Which secrete soluble mucus?

A

surface mucus cells; mucus neck cells

126
Q

What happens after amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed by enterocytes lining the villi?

A

they are transported across the epithelium, enter capillaries within the lamina propria and enter the portal vein to be stored in the liver

127
Q

The ____ layer consists of inner circular muscle layers and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers, with the fibers oriented at right angles from each other.

A

muscularis externa

128
Q

What does H. pylori produce that raises gastric pH and acid production?

A

urease

129
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands located?

A

in the submucosa of the duodenum

130
Q

I cells secrete ____, which stimulates pancreatic secretion and contraction of the ___.

A

cholecystekinin (CCK); gallbladder

131
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

emulsified by actions of bile acids

132
Q

What is secreted by D cells?

A

somatostatin

133
Q

Where are chylomicrons transported to?

A

lacteals

134
Q

What are intestinal villi lined by?

A

simple columnar epithelium

135
Q

At what point of protein digestion can these components be absorbed by enterocytes via active transport by carrier proteins?

A

when they are digested into small peptides and amino acids

136
Q

Which cells of the small intestine produce antibacterial proteins called defensins, as well as enzymes such as lysozyme?

A

paneth cells

137
Q

Which anal sphincter is voluntary?

A

external anal sphincter

138
Q

What are the intrinsic factors of the acid secreting cells necessary for?

A

this glycoprotein is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the ileum

139
Q

Which cells of the gut do not require continuous replacement?

A

chief cells/peptic cells

140
Q

What are the spaces called between villi?

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

141
Q

What is the diffuse lymphoid tissue scattered throughout the GI tract?

A

MALT or GALT

142
Q

___ stimulates gastric secretions.

A

Gastrin

143
Q

____ are large numbers of highly convoluted, branched, tubuloalveolar submucosal glands.

A

Brunner’s glands

144
Q

____ digestion involves enzymes of the glycocalyx on the plasma membrane of enterocytes.

A

Membrane

145
Q

What are the steps to lipid digestion?

A
  • emulsification by bile acids
  • broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acids by pancreatic lipase
  • form extracellular micelles
  • micelles absorbed by enterocytes
  • micelles re-synthesized into triglycerides within cells
  • form chylomicrons
  • transported to lacteals
146
Q

The mucosal ___ secretes and absorbs materials to have a variety of functions and is modified differently at each level of the GI tract.

A

epithelium

147
Q

Does the large intestine have villi and plicae circulares?

A

NO

148
Q

The mucosal ___ is the thin layer of smooth muscle that places a boundary between mucosa and submucosa.

A

muscularis mucosae

149
Q

What is responsible for the formation of haustra (sacs) on the large intestine?

A

the outer longitudinal muscle layer in muscularis externa is reduced or incomplete and forms easily discernible longitudinal strips

150
Q

What are the main functions of the duodenum?

A

neutralize gastric acid
neutralize pepsin
(do this with assistance of pancreas and gallbladder)

151
Q

Contractions of smooth muscle is called ____, like what guides the bolus down the esophagus. Under what control is it under?

A

peristalsis; autonomic control

152
Q

What does the secretion of gastrin stimulate?

A

the secretion of HCl and pepsin

153
Q

Are there lacteals present in the lamina propria within the crypts of the large intestine?

A

NO

154
Q

What are the proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic secretions?

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
amylase
lipase

155
Q

What are the 4 distinct layers of the GI tract?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
adventitia (serosa)

156
Q

How many liters of watery gastric juice are secreted per day?

A

2 L

157
Q

What constitutes a gastric ulcer?

A

when the damage extends BELOW the level of the basement membrane and there is associated bleeding

158
Q

What portion of the stomach secretes acid, pepsin, and some mucus?

A

fundus

159
Q

What prominent structures form the entrances to gastric glands in the stomach?

A

gastric pits OR foveolae

160
Q

The mucosal ___ is the underlying connective tissue that contains lymphoid nodules, glands, blood vessels, and lymphatics.

A

lamina propria

161
Q

____ digests lipids.

A

Lipase

162
Q

What are the longitudinal strips on the large intestine called?

A

tenia coli

163
Q

What does it mean when something is “pre-neoplastic?”

A

after repeated trauma, cells begin to become abnormal (can later develop into cancer if left unchecked)

164
Q

When does the transition from mucosa to simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium occur?

A

at the anal canal

165
Q

What are some enzymes synthesized by enterocytes?

A

peptidases
peptide hydrolases
disaccharides

166
Q

What does “aboral” mean?

A

to be moved away from the oral cavity

167
Q

The external anal sphincter contains ___ muscle; the internal anal sphincter contains ___ muscle.

A

skeletal; smooth

168
Q

What is the function of APUD cells (enteroendocrine cells) scattered throughout the small intestine?

A

regulate GI motility and secretion

169
Q

In the middle third of the esophagus, what type of muscle is the muscularis externa composed of?

A

skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

170
Q

In the ___, the resorption of water and elimination of waste occurs.

A

colon

171
Q

Does the epithelium of the stomach/GI tract contain blood vessels?

A

NO

172
Q

Where are chief cells located at in the gastric gland?

A

at the base of the gland in the bottom third

173
Q

The ___ of the stomach contains primarily mucus- and gastrin-secreting glands and controls the outflow of the stomach.

A

pylorus

174
Q

Colon cancers are called _____.

A

adenocarcinomas

175
Q

What happens when the micelles are absorbed and re-synthesized within enterocytes?

A

they are coated with proteins and phospholipids to form intracellular chylomicrons

176
Q

Are polyps generally asymptomatic?

A

YES

177
Q

What tissue type does the appendix contain large amounts of?

A

MALT (active in children)

178
Q

Anal columns are also called ___.

A

columns of Morgani

179
Q

Which anal sphnicter is involuntary?

A

internal anal sphincter

180
Q

Are Peyer’s patches and MALT histologically identical?

A

YES

181
Q

The ___ contains transverse rectal folds and large numbers of mucus glands.

A

rectum

182
Q

What enzymes break down proteins into smaller peptide fragments?

A 
pancreatic enzymes 
(trypsin)
(chymotrypsin)
(elastase)
(carboxypeptidase)
183
Q

What do Brunner’s glands secrete, unique to the duodenum?

A

mucus and zymogens

184
Q

Where do the pancreatic duct and bile duct empty into?

A

the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

185
Q

____ mucus cells secrete thick, insoluble mucus and bicarbonate ions.

A

Surface

186
Q

HCl, pepsinogen (precursor to pepsin), gastrin, rennin, and lipase are all constituents of ____.

A

gastric juice

187
Q

What type of epithelium is the esophagus lined by?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

188
Q

What are some alternative names for pepsin secreting cells?

A

chief cells
peptic cells
zymogenic cells

189
Q

How are dead cells shed from the villi?

A

cells migrate up the villus, mature, and then are shed from the tips

190
Q

Where are paneth cells found?

A

at the base of crypts of Lieberkuhn

191
Q

What forms from the actions of pancreatic lipase to break down monoglycerides and fatty acids?

A

extracellular micelles

192
Q

In the small intestine, what is the mucosal surface made up of?

A

villi that contain a core of lamina propria

193
Q

Which portions of the small intestine accomplish primary absorption of nutrients?

A

jejunum and ileum

194
Q

Is vomiting involuntary?

A

YES

195
Q

What are some examples of secretory products in the GI tract? What portion of the mucosa secretes these products?

A 
digestive enzymes
hormones
mucus
antibodies;
mucosal epithelium
196
Q

What are the three stages of protein digestion?

A
  • denatured by HCl
  • hydrolyzed by pepsin
  • further hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes
197
Q

How is an H. pylori infection treated?

A

“triple therapy” consisting of 2 long-term antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor

198
Q

How are monosaccharides absorbed?

A

by facilitated diffusion

199
Q

How is pepsinogen converted to pepsin?

A

by the action of HCl

200
Q

Trypsin is activated by ____; trypsin then activates ___.

A

enterokinase; chymotrypsin

201
Q

Within the anal canal, where do the anal glands extend into?

A

the submucosa and muscularis externa

202
Q

What are the valve-like rings or folds called in the small intestine?

A

plica circulares (valves of Kerkring)

203
Q

What results from the occasional enlargement and irritation of submucosal veins?

A

hemorrhoids

204
Q

What are the primary starches?

A

polysaccharides
oligosaccharides
disaccharides

205
Q

____ are benign adenomas/masses in the wall of the colon that protrude into the lumen.

A

Polyps

206
Q

In the upper third of the esophagus, what type of muscle is the muscularis externa composed of?

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

207
Q

S cells secrete ___, which stimulates release of ___ from the pancreas.

A

secretin; bicarbonate

208
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

drops of triglycerides coated with proteins and phospholipids

209
Q

What are our primary sources of lipids to be digested?

A

triglycerides from diet

210
Q

____ are blind-ended lymph vessels within the lamina propria of villi.

A

Lacteals

211
Q

The epithelium of MALT tissues contains ___, which are squamoid enterocytes modified for antigen sampling and macromolecule uptake.

A

M-cells (microfold cells)

212
Q

What does chyme from the stomach stimulate the release of?

A

stimulates the release of 2 hormones from APUD cells - secretin and CCK

213
Q

Does MALT in the large intestine form grossly visible patches?

A

NO

214
Q

What are two alternative names for acid secreting cells?

A

parietal cells

oxyntic cells

215
Q

Which glands are unique to the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands

216
Q

What are parietal and chief cells controlled by?

A

autonomic nervous system and hormones from endocrine cells in the region of the pylorus

217
Q

What area of the stomach is the glandular portion?

A

fundus

218
Q

What are the primary functions of the colon?

A

water and electrolyte resorption (also produces some mucus for waste elimination)

219
Q

____ is the inactive precursor to pepsin.

A

Pepsinogen

220
Q

The mucosal folds in the colon contain a core of ____. How is this different than the cores of plicae circulares?

A

lamina propria; plicae circulares contain cores of submucosa, NOT lamina propria

221
Q

Repeated damage to the esophagus can lead to ____, which is a pre-neoplastic condition.

A

Barrett’s

222
Q

Why does increasing fiber intake decrease the risk of colon cancer?

A

because fiber promotes GI motility, decreasing the time that carcinogens may rest against the walls of the colon and cause neoplastic cells to form

223
Q

What cells secrete pepsin?

A

chief cells/peptic cells

224
Q

How often is the entire epithelial lining of the small intestine replaced?

A

every 3-5 days

225
Q

What is the technical term for heartburn, that results from the regurgitation of stomach acid into the distal portion of the esophagus from the cardia of the stomach?

A

pyrosis

226
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

227
Q

Starch is broken down into what?

A

disaccharides

228
Q

Which disease causes villus blunting and atrophy, leading to malabsorption and weight loss due to gluten intolerance?

A

Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy)

229
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

230
Q

Where are foveolae located?

A

in the body of the stomach

231
Q

What would we refer to our single-chambered stomach as, especially in the veterinary world?

A

monogastric

232
Q

____ digestion involves the mixing of chyme with pancreatic enzymes for molecular breakdown.

A

Luminal

Histology Final Exam (6 decks)

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