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Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

TBW

A

60% males

55% females

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2
Q

Components of TBW

A

1/3 ECF -> 1/5 plasma, 4/5 interstital fluid

2/3 ICF

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3
Q

Position of kidney

A

T12 - L3
Behind 11 - 12 ribs
Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

Retroperitoneal kidneys

A

Posterior abdominal wall
Covered by anterior side of peritoneum
Protection - fat

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5
Q

Blood supply to cortex (kidney)

A 
Abdominal aorta 
Renal artery
Branching arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
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6
Q

Blood supply from cortex (kidney)

A 
Glomeruluss
Efferent arterioles
Peritubular capillaries
Veins
Renal vein
Inferior vena cava
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7
Q

Nerve supply (kidney)

A 
Renal plexus(autonomic nerves and ganglia)
Sympathetic nerves = adjust diameter of arterioles
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8
Q

Nephron types

A

Cortical

Juxtamedullary

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9
Q

Cortical

A

85%

Mainly in cortex

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10
Q

Juxtamedullary

A

15%
Deep in medulla
Formation of concentrated urine
Surrounded by vasa recta

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11
Q

Glomerular capillaries

A

Surrounded by podocytes
Filtration
Single layer fenestrated endothelial cells

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12
Q

Peritublar capillaries

A

Absorption
Carries filtered blood from efferent arterioles
Receives reabosrbed filtrate from nephron

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13
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

2 layers

Capsular space - receives filtrate

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14
Q

Glomerular capsule inner & outer layers

A

Outer
Partiel layer of simple squamous cells
Inner
Visceral layer of podocytes

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15
Q

Podocytes

A

Form pedicels

B/w pedicels = filtration slits (where filtered blood pass to enter capsular space)

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16
Q

Blood - urine barrier components

A

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
Fused basement membrane
Filtration silts b/w pedicels of podocytes

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17
Q

Blood - urine barrier function

A

Free passage H2O and small molecules

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18
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule function

A

Bulk reabsorption

Leaky

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19
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule structure

A

Cuboidal epithelial
Dense microvilli
Highly folded basolateral membrane
Lots of mitochondria

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20
Q

Nephron loop

A

Thick/thin acending/decending limbs
Thin - simple squamous
Thick - cuboidal epithelial

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21
Q

Distal convoluted tubule function

A

Fine tuning

Reabsorption regulated by aldosterone

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22
Q

Distal convoluted tubule structure

A

Cuboidal epithelium (thinner vs PCT)
No brush border
Few mitochondria

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23
Q

Collecting tube function

A

Fine tuning

Regulated by ADH & aldosterone

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24
Q

Collecting tube structure

A 
Cuboidal epithelial 
Principal cells (reabsorption)
Intercalated cells (acid/base balance)
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25
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
DCT against afferent arterioles Control glomerular filatration rate Stablise b.p
26
DCT JGA
Macula densa cells | Chemorepectors (detect Na+)
27
Arterioles JGA
Juxtaglomerular cells | Mechanoreceptors (detect b.p)
28
Ureter layers
Transitional epithelium Muscularis Adventitia Inner folded protein plaques
29
Transitional epithelium
Stratified rounded cells | Flatten when stretched => prevent waste getting back into body
30
Muscularis
Inner longtiudinal | Outer circular
31
Adventitia
FCT
32
Ureter location
From renal pelvis to hilum retroperitoneally
33
Urter function
Urine to bladder, enter obliquely through posterolateral corners = spincter = increase pressure closes it up Peristalsis waves pushes
34
Urinary bladder male
Anterior rectum | Superior prostate gland
35
Urinary bladder female
Anterior vagina and uterus
36
Urinary bladder structure
Rugae | Muscosa - transitional epithelium
37
Urinary bladder function and how
Thick smooth muscle Detrusor - longitudinal, circular, oblique fibres Contract, collapse and expel urine
38
Urethra epithelium
Transitional Columnar Stratified squamous Muscus glands = protection
39
Urethra spincters internal
B/w bladder and urethra | Involuntary - detrusor muscle
40
Urethra spincters external
Pass urogential diaphragm | Voluntary - skeletal muscle
41
Urthra male vs female
Male Long, prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile, part r.s Female Short, not part r.s
42
Urination cue
A.P from stretch receptors | Increase signal with urgency
43
Normal composition of urine
``` 1.5L/day 95 - 98% H2O Urea H+, NH3, Na+, K+ Toxins ```
44
Normal appearance of urine
Light, clear Acidic pH dependent on diet No smell
45
Pathololgic composition urine
Glucose Protein Blood Bacteria
46
Pathololgic appearence urine
Golden, red Sweet Fruity, rotten
47
Functions of kidneys
``` Hormone production Metabolism Gluconeogenesis Salt/ion homeostasis Drug excretion pH regulation ```
48
Hormone production
EPO | Decrease in O2 detected by kidneys
49
Metabolism
Make compounds water-soluble
50
Gluconeogenesis
A.a to glucose
51
Salt/ion homeostasis
K+ for RMP Excretes K+ Failure = hyperkalemia
52
pH regulation
HCO3- regulated by reabsorption | 7.4 pH - blood
53
Basic nephron processes
FIltration Reabsorption Secretion
54
Filtration at
Constant rate at renal corpuscle Entirely/partly reabsorbed Secreted entirely
55
Exceptions to filtraiton
Glucose only reabsorbed in proximal K+ reabsorbed/secreted different depending on diet Penicillin secreted by active secretion Big molecules not filtered
56
Renal blood flow
20 - 25% CO
57
Driving forces of glomerular capillary
Pressure gradient Permeability SA
58
Net filtration pressure
10mmHg
59
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
b.p | + 50mmHg
60
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
albumin | - 25mmHg
61
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
corpuscles embeded in tissues | - 15mmHg
62
Capsular colloid osmotic pressure
no protein in capsular space | 0mmHg
63
Renal clearnance
Cs = Us x V/Ps | All substance detected in plasma and urine
64
Glomerular filtration rate
Amount of fluid filtered per unit time
65
Estimating GFR
Using substance not reabsorbed, secreted, metabolised Cs equation = ~180L/day Indication of kidney function (low with 1 or 2)
66
Substance not reabsorbed, secreted, metabolised GFR
Inulin | Creatinine
67
FIltration fraction
GFR/RPF (renal plasma flow)
68
FIltered load
Amount of substance filtered per minute | GFR x solute plasma conc
69
Osmolarity
Number of osmotically active ions/solutes
70
Tonicity
Based on effect of soln on cells | iso - doesn't change homeostasis
71
PCT water reabsorption
67% Na+ reabsorption Aquaporins and leaky tight junction
72
tDLH water reabsorption
25% | TAL and tDL
73
TAl tDLH
Reabsorbs Na+ into interstitium | Produces High Osmotic Medullary Gradient
74
tDL tDLH
Leaky epithelium | Aquaporins & paracellular pathway
75
CD water reabsorption
2 - 8%
76
Dehydration body osmolarity
ECF osmolarity increase Move to higher osmolarity from ICF to ECF Cell decreases in size
77
Hyperhydration body osmolarity
ECF osmolarity decrease ECF -> ICF Cell size increase
78
Body osmolarity regulation
ECF change detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus | = pituitary gland increase/decrease release of ADH
79
ADH major stimuli release
Increase ECF osmolarity | Decrease blood volume
80
ADH function
Alter permeability and insert aquaporins of CD
81
ADH synthesis
In cell body of central neurons (hypothalamus) | Axonal transport to posterior pituitary, where released
82
ADH mechanism
Bind to ADH receptor on basolateral | Increase aquaporins on apical membrane
83
Facultative water reabsorption
Only transcellular Regulated by ADH 2 - 8%
84
Obligatory water reabsorption
Not regulated | 92%
85
With ADH
Small vol of conc urine | Anti - diuresis
86
Without ADH
Large vol of dilute urine | Diuresis
87
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus + glormerular capsule | Site of filtration barrier

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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