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HUBS192 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

TBW

A

60% males

55% females

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2
Q

Components of TBW

A

1/3 ECF -> 1/5 plasma, 4/5 interstital fluid

2/3 ICF

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3
Q

Position of kidney

A

T12 - L3
Behind 11 - 12 ribs
Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

Retroperitoneal kidneys

A

Posterior abdominal wall
Covered by anterior side of peritoneum
Protection - fat

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5
Q

Blood supply to cortex (kidney)

A 
Abdominal aorta 
Renal artery
Branching arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
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6
Q

Blood supply from cortex (kidney)

A 
Glomeruluss
Efferent arterioles
Peritubular capillaries
Veins
Renal vein
Inferior vena cava
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7
Q

Nerve supply (kidney)

A 
Renal plexus(autonomic nerves and ganglia)
Sympathetic nerves = adjust diameter of arterioles
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8
Q

Nephron types

A

Cortical

Juxtamedullary

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9
Q

Cortical

A

85%

Mainly in cortex

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10
Q

Juxtamedullary

A

15%
Deep in medulla
Formation of concentrated urine
Surrounded by vasa recta

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11
Q

Glomerular capillaries

A

Surrounded by podocytes
Filtration
Single layer fenestrated endothelial cells

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12
Q

Peritublar capillaries

A

Absorption
Carries filtered blood from efferent arterioles
Receives reabosrbed filtrate from nephron

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13
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

2 layers

Capsular space - receives filtrate

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14
Q

Glomerular capsule inner & outer layers

A

Outer
Partiel layer of simple squamous cells
Inner
Visceral layer of podocytes

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15
Q

Podocytes

A

Form pedicels

B/w pedicels = filtration slits (where filtered blood pass to enter capsular space)

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16
Q

Blood - urine barrier components

A

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
Fused basement membrane
Filtration silts b/w pedicels of podocytes

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17
Q

Blood - urine barrier function

A

Free passage H2O and small molecules

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18
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule function

A

Bulk reabsorption

Leaky

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19
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule structure

A

Cuboidal epithelial
Dense microvilli
Highly folded basolateral membrane
Lots of mitochondria

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20
Q

Nephron loop

A

Thick/thin acending/decending limbs
Thin - simple squamous
Thick - cuboidal epithelial

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21
Q

Distal convoluted tubule function

A

Fine tuning

Reabsorption regulated by aldosterone

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22
Q

Distal convoluted tubule structure

A

Cuboidal epithelium (thinner vs PCT)
No brush border
Few mitochondria

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23
Q

Collecting tube function

A

Fine tuning

Regulated by ADH & aldosterone

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24
Q

Collecting tube structure

A 
Cuboidal epithelial 
Principal cells (reabsorption)
Intercalated cells (acid/base balance)
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25
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

DCT against afferent arterioles
Control glomerular filatration rate
Stablise b.p

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26
Q

DCT JGA

A

Macula densa cells

Chemorepectors (detect Na+)

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27
Q

Arterioles JGA

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

Mechanoreceptors (detect b.p)

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28
Q

Ureter layers

A

Transitional epithelium
Muscularis
Adventitia
Inner folded protein plaques

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29
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Stratified rounded cells

Flatten when stretched => prevent waste getting back into body

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30
Q

Muscularis

A

Inner longtiudinal

Outer circular

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31
Q

Adventitia

A

FCT

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32
Q

Ureter location

A

From renal pelvis to hilum retroperitoneally

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33
Q

Urter function

A

Urine to bladder, enter obliquely through posterolateral corners = spincter = increase pressure closes it up
Peristalsis waves pushes

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34
Q

Urinary bladder male

A

Anterior rectum

Superior prostate gland

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35
Q

Urinary bladder female

A

Anterior vagina and uterus

36
Q

Urinary bladder structure

A

Rugae

Muscosa - transitional epithelium

37
Q

Urinary bladder function and how

A

Thick smooth muscle
Detrusor - longitudinal, circular, oblique fibres
Contract, collapse and expel urine

38
Q

Urethra epithelium

A

Transitional
Columnar
Stratified squamous
Muscus glands = protection

39
Q

Urethra spincters internal

A

B/w bladder and urethra

Involuntary - detrusor muscle

40
Q

Urethra spincters external

A

Pass urogential diaphragm

Voluntary - skeletal muscle

41
Q

Urthra male vs female

A

Male
Long, prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile, part r.s
Female
Short, not part r.s

42
Q

Urination cue

A

A.P from stretch receptors

Increase signal with urgency

43
Q

Normal composition of urine

A 
1.5L/day
95 - 98% H2O
Urea
H+, NH3, Na+, K+
Toxins
44
Q

Normal appearance of urine

A

Light, clear
Acidic
pH dependent on diet
No smell

45
Q

Pathololgic composition urine

A

Glucose
Protein
Blood
Bacteria

46
Q

Pathololgic appearence urine

A

Golden, red
Sweet
Fruity, rotten

47
Q

Functions of kidneys

A 
Hormone production
Metabolism
Gluconeogenesis
Salt/ion homeostasis
Drug excretion
pH regulation
48
Q

Hormone production

A

EPO

Decrease in O2 detected by kidneys

49
Q

Metabolism

A

Make compounds water-soluble

50
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

A.a to glucose

51
Q

Salt/ion homeostasis

A

K+ for RMP
Excretes K+
Failure = hyperkalemia

52
Q

pH regulation

A

HCO3- regulated by reabsorption

7.4 pH - blood

53
Q

Basic nephron processes

A

FIltration
Reabsorption
Secretion

54
Q

Filtration at

A

Constant rate at renal corpuscle
Entirely/partly reabsorbed
Secreted entirely

55
Q

Exceptions to filtraiton

A

Glucose only reabsorbed in proximal
K+ reabsorbed/secreted different depending on diet
Penicillin secreted by active secretion
Big molecules not filtered

56
Q

Renal blood flow

A

20 - 25% CO

57
Q

Driving forces of glomerular capillary

A

Pressure gradient
Permeability
SA

58
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

10mmHg

59
Q

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

b.p

+ 50mmHg

60
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

albumin

- 25mmHg

61
Q

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

corpuscles embeded in tissues

- 15mmHg

62
Q

Capsular colloid osmotic pressure

A

no protein in capsular space

0mmHg

63
Q

Renal clearnance

A

Cs = Us x V/Ps

All substance detected in plasma and urine

64
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Amount of fluid filtered per unit time

65
Q

Estimating GFR

A

Using substance not reabsorbed, secreted, metabolised
Cs equation = ~180L/day
Indication of kidney function (low with 1 or 2)

66
Q

Substance not reabsorbed, secreted, metabolised GFR

A

Inulin

Creatinine

67
Q

FIltration fraction

A

GFR/RPF (renal plasma flow)

68
Q

FIltered load

A

Amount of substance filtered per minute

GFR x solute plasma conc

69
Q

Osmolarity

A

Number of osmotically active ions/solutes

70
Q

Tonicity

A

Based on effect of soln on cells

iso - doesn’t change homeostasis

71
Q

PCT water reabsorption

A

67%
Na+ reabsorption
Aquaporins and leaky tight junction

72
Q

tDLH water reabsorption

A

25%

TAL and tDL

73
Q

TAl tDLH

A

Reabsorbs Na+ into interstitium

Produces High Osmotic Medullary Gradient

74
Q

tDL tDLH

A

Leaky epithelium

Aquaporins & paracellular pathway

75
Q

CD water reabsorption

A

2 - 8%

76
Q

Dehydration body osmolarity

A

ECF osmolarity increase
Move to higher osmolarity from ICF to ECF
Cell decreases in size

77
Q

Hyperhydration body osmolarity

A

ECF osmolarity decrease
ECF -> ICF
Cell size increase

78
Q

Body osmolarity regulation

A

ECF change detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

= pituitary gland increase/decrease release of ADH

79
Q

ADH major stimuli release

A

Increase ECF osmolarity

Decrease blood volume

80
Q

ADH function

A

Alter permeability and insert aquaporins of CD

81
Q

ADH synthesis

A

In cell body of central neurons (hypothalamus)

Axonal transport to posterior pituitary, where released

82
Q

ADH mechanism

A

Bind to ADH receptor on basolateral

Increase aquaporins on apical membrane

83
Q

Facultative water reabsorption

A

Only transcellular
Regulated by ADH
2 - 8%

84
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption

A

Not regulated

92%

85
Q

With ADH

A

Small vol of conc urine

Anti - diuresis

86
Q

Without ADH

A

Large vol of dilute urine

Diuresis

87
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Glomerulus + glormerular capsule

Site of filtration barrier

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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