Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Respiratory system function
A
Conduct warm, clean, moist air in close proximity with blood for gas exchange
2
Q
Structures of URT
A
Nose
Conchae
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx
3
Q
Nose made from
A
Cartilage (soft, flexible)
Unobstructed airway
4
Q
Opening in nose
A
External/anterior nares
Opening to nasal cavity
5
Q
Vestobule composed of
A
Skin, sebaceous and sweat glands
Vibrissae (filters inhaled air)
6
Q
Bones of nasal complex
A
Nasal septum (ant - cartilage, post - bone) Cavity (roof - ethmoid & sphenoid bones, floor - hard (back) & soft (front) palates)
7
Q
Conchae positioning
A
On lateral walls
Superior, middle, inferior
8
Q
Conchae function
A
Turbinates air
Increase SA, increase warming, humidifying air
9
Q
Nasal epithelium
A
Nasal cavity + olfactory mucosa
10
Q
Olfactory mucosa found on
A
Roof of nasal cavity
11
Q
Olfactory mucosa
A
Smell via olfactory receptors
12
Q
Nasal mucosa structure
A
Epithelium on lamina propria
Plexus (vascular network) of thin wall veins
13
Q
Nasal mucosa function
A
Radiation = warm incoming air
Decrease air temp = vascular plexus dilates = greater heat transfer
14
Q
Paranasal Sinuses are
A
Cavity within bones, surrounding the nose
15
Q
Paranasal Sinuses found within bones
A
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary
16
Q
Paranasal Sinuses function
A
Lighten skull
Increase SA to optimise air
Sound resonance
Drainage into phanynx
17
Q
Phanynx
A
Tube sharded by respiratory and digestive
Superior to larynx
18
Q
Pharynx regions
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
19
Q
Nasopharynx
A
Air only
Respiratory mucosa
20
Q
Nasopharynx Important Features
A
Blocked by soft palate & uvula during shallowing
Auditory tubes from middle ear
Pharyngeal tonsils on roof and posterior wall
21
Q
Oropharynx
A
Air and food
Stratified squamous epithelium
22
Q
Laryngopharynx
A
Air and food
Stratified squamous epithelium
Respirator and digestive tract diverge
23
Q
Epithelium of system
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Goblet cells
Ciliated cells
24
Q
Goblet cells
A
Traps debris
Moisten air
25
Ciliated cells
Movement
26
Larynx
Air only
Anterior to esophagus
Cartilage protect and maintain open
Epiglottis close airway when swallowing (cartilage)
27
Glottis
In larynx
| Voicebox
28
Glottis folds
Attached to cartilage
Vocal folds
Vestibular folds
29
Vocal folds
True vocal cords
Passing air = vibrations = sounds waves
Testosterone = thicker folds = deeper
30
Vestibular fold
False vocal cords
Prevent entry to glottis
Very deep sounds
Superior vocal folds
31
Trachea structure
C - shaped cartilage rings connected via trachalis (posterior)
Elastin fibres in lamina propria
32
Trachealis
Bands of smooth muscles
| Contracts for coughing
33
Trachea function
Maintain patent airway
Make air optimal
Mucociliary escalator
34
Mucociliary escalator
Moves debris to pharynx
| Muscous from goblet cell and mucous glands
35
Lungs lobes
Right - 3
| Left - 2 (heart)
36
Hilum
Where bronchi, blood vessel, etc enter
37
Bronchial Tree (big to smallest)
```
Trachea
1 bronchi
2 bronchi
3 bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
```
38
1 bronchi
Cartilage & smooth muscle rings complete
39
2 bronchi
| 3 bronchi
Height and no of goblet cells decrease
| Cartilage plate
40
Bronchioles
<1mm
No mucous = no goblet cells = blockage
Cuboidal epithelium
Thick smooth muscle (bronchconstriction/diluation)
41
Terminal bronchioles
Supply pulmonary lobules
42
Pulmonary lobules
Many alveoli
~150 mil per lung
Surrounded with network of pulmonary capillaries
43
Pulmonary lobules walls
Very thin
| Simple squamous epithelium on thin basement membrane
44
Alveolus
Open one side
Pneumocytes
Roaming macrophages (remove debris)
45
Pneumocytes
Lung epithelial cells
Type 1 squamous
Type 2 cuboidal
46
Type 1 squamous
Blood - air barrier with capillary wall & shared basement membrane
47
Type 2 cuboidal
Scattered among type 1
Secrete surfactant
Reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid
48
Thoracic cavity
Pericardium
Pleura
Mediastinum
Pleural cavities
49
Pericardium
Serous membrane
50
Pleura allows..
frictionless movement within
51
Mediastinum
Area b/w lungs
| Heart, vessels, pericardium
52
Pleural cavities
Separated lungs
| One stops functioning, doesn't affect the others
53
Boyle's Law
Pressure = 1/volume
54
Pressure measured by
Collisions
High no of collision = greater pressure
Low no = low pressure
55
To breathe using...
Pressure gradients
Inspiration Pout > Pinside
Expiration Pout < Pinside
56
Muscles for respiration
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Accessory muscles
57
Diaphragm structure
Steletal muscle
| Separates thorax from abdomen
58
Diaphragm function
Relaxed - dome-shaped
| Contracted - flattens, expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity
59
Intercostal muscles
Diagonal b/e neighbouring ribs
| External and internal
60
Intercostal muscles internal
Depress ribcage and decrease cavity
| Expiration - forced
61
Intercostal muscles external
Lift ribcage and expand cavity
| Inspiration - quiet and forced
62
Accessory muscles
Only active when needed
| Increase/decrease cavity when forced
63
To help lung expansion
Tissue elastic = trying to recoil
| Pleura = lungs stick to thoracic wall
64
Opposing forces of respiration
Stiffness of lungs
| Resistance of airways
65
Stiffness of lungs
Compliance
Pulmonary fibrosis
Surface tension
66
Pulmonary fibrosis
Decrease compliance, vital capacity and pressure
67
Surface tension
H2O molecule strong attraction - hold lungs in place
| Surfactant exert surface tension and thin walls enhance effects
68
Resistance of airways
Air to brochioles - need to overcome friction
R = 1/(0.5d)^4
smooth muscle - constrict/dilute - change air flow
69
Spirometry Trace volumes
```
Tidal volume (VT)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve vol (ERV)
Residual vol
Minimal vol
```
70
Tidal volume (VT)
Vol of air moved in/out during quiet breath
71
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Extra vol that can be inspired with max inhalation
72
Expiratory reserve vol (ERV)
Extra vol that can be exhlaed with max effort
73
Residual vol
Vol remaining in lungs after max exhalation
74
Minimal vol
Vol remaining in lungs if collapsed
75
Spirometry Trace capacities
Vital capacity
Total lung capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity
76
Vital capacity
IRV + ERV + VT
| Vol of air can be shifted in/out lungs
77
Total lung capacity
VT + residual vol
| Total vol i lungs if filled to max
78
Inspiratory capacity
IRV + VT
| Total vol can inspire from rest
79
Functional residual capacity
ERV + residual vol
| Vol remaining in lungs after normal exhalation
80
FEV1
Forced expiratory vol in 1 sec
81
FEV1/VC =
~80%
| <0.7 = obstruction
82
Obstructive
Resistance to airflow
83
Restrictive
Reduced lung capacity
84
Amount of air breath in/out
Vf = Vt x f
85
Air to alveoli equation
Va = (Vt - Vd) x f
86
Vd
Dead space
Air trapped in tree - no gas exchange
Remove = deep breaths
87
Diffusion rate across blood air barrier
SA
Thickness
Pressure difference
88
SA
Bulbous alveoli and high density of capillaries (increase)
| Emphysema -dilation of space ad destruction of walls (decrease)
89
Thickness
Alveolar and capillary wall - very thin
| Increase diffusion
90
Pressure difference
Alveolar oxygen depends on: atmospheric oxygen, alveolar ventilation, blood oxygen
Difference influences speed of movement
91
O2 transportation
Dissolved O2 - binds to haemoglobin
| Dissolves poorly in warm conditions
92
CO2 transportation
Dissolved in plasma
| Bound to haemoglobin
93
CO2 and pH
CO2 + H2O = carbonic acid
| Dissociates to bicarbonate and H+ = decrease pH
94
Haemoglobin binding curve
Sigmoidal - cooperative binding of O2
| Release O2 in tissue that need it the most
95
Shifts in binding curve
Lower pH = decrease O2 affinity
| Higher temp = decrease O2 affinity
96
Shift in binding curve exercise
pH decreases and temp increases
| Increase O2 delivery
97
Control of breathing
Chermoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Lung stretch receptors
Protection reflex
98
Lung stretch receptors
Inflate/deflate = afferent input to brain = efferent signals prevent too much stretch either way
99
Protection reflex
Detect irritation = efferent signal to sneeze/cough
100
Chemoreceptors
Most important signal and strongest efferent response
| Monitor CO2 levels
101
Baroreceptors
B.p sensors
Changes respiratory minute = changes untake of air
Forces or slows CO2 movement
102
Sternocostal
Synovial
| Except 1st - cartilaginous
103
Costochondral
Cartilaginous
104
Interchondral
Synovial
105
Costal cartilage
Hyaline
