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HUBS192 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system function

A

Conduct warm, clean, moist air in close proximity with blood for gas exchange

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2
Q

Structures of URT

A

Nose
Conchae
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx

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3
Q

Nose made from

A

Cartilage (soft, flexible)

Unobstructed airway

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4
Q

Opening in nose

A

External/anterior nares

Opening to nasal cavity

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5
Q

Vestobule composed of

A

Skin, sebaceous and sweat glands

Vibrissae (filters inhaled air)

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6
Q

Bones of nasal complex

A 
Nasal septum (ant - cartilage, post - bone)
Cavity (roof - ethmoid & sphenoid bones, floor - hard (back) & soft (front) palates)
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7
Q

Conchae positioning

A

On lateral walls

Superior, middle, inferior

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8
Q

Conchae function

A

Turbinates air

Increase SA, increase warming, humidifying air

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9
Q

Nasal epithelium

A

Nasal cavity + olfactory mucosa

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10
Q

Olfactory mucosa found on

A

Roof of nasal cavity

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11
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Smell via olfactory receptors

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12
Q

Nasal mucosa structure

A

Epithelium on lamina propria

Plexus (vascular network) of thin wall veins

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13
Q

Nasal mucosa function

A

Radiation = warm incoming air

Decrease air temp = vascular plexus dilates = greater heat transfer

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14
Q

Paranasal Sinuses are

A

Cavity within bones, surrounding the nose

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15
Q

Paranasal Sinuses found within bones

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary

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16
Q

Paranasal Sinuses function

A

Lighten skull
Increase SA to optimise air
Sound resonance
Drainage into phanynx

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17
Q

Phanynx

A

Tube sharded by respiratory and digestive

Superior to larynx

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18
Q

Pharynx regions

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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19
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Air only

Respiratory mucosa

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20
Q

Nasopharynx Important Features

A

Blocked by soft palate & uvula during shallowing
Auditory tubes from middle ear
Pharyngeal tonsils on roof and posterior wall

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21
Q

Oropharynx

A

Air and food

Stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Air and food
Stratified squamous epithelium
Respirator and digestive tract diverge

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23
Q

Epithelium of system

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Goblet cells
Ciliated cells

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24
Q

Goblet cells

A

Traps debris

Moisten air

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25
Q

Ciliated cells

A

Movement

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26
Q

Larynx

A

Air only
Anterior to esophagus
Cartilage protect and maintain open
Epiglottis close airway when swallowing (cartilage)

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27
Q

Glottis

A

In larynx

Voicebox

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28
Q

Glottis folds

A

Attached to cartilage
Vocal folds
Vestibular folds

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29
Q

Vocal folds

A

True vocal cords
Passing air = vibrations = sounds waves
Testosterone = thicker folds = deeper

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30
Q

Vestibular fold

A

False vocal cords
Prevent entry to glottis
Very deep sounds
Superior vocal folds

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31
Q

Trachea structure

A

C - shaped cartilage rings connected via trachalis (posterior)
Elastin fibres in lamina propria

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32
Q

Trachealis

A

Bands of smooth muscles

Contracts for coughing

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33
Q

Trachea function

A

Maintain patent airway
Make air optimal
Mucociliary escalator

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34
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

Moves debris to pharynx

Muscous from goblet cell and mucous glands

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35
Q

Lungs lobes

A

Right - 3

Left - 2 (heart)

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36
Q

Hilum

A

Where bronchi, blood vessel, etc enter

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37
Q

Bronchial Tree (big to smallest)

A 
Trachea
1 bronchi
2 bronchi
3 bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
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38
Q

1 bronchi

A

Cartilage & smooth muscle rings complete

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39
Q

2 bronchi

3 bronchi

A

Height and no of goblet cells decrease

Cartilage plate

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40
Q

Bronchioles

A

<1mm
No mucous = no goblet cells = blockage
Cuboidal epithelium
Thick smooth muscle (bronchconstriction/diluation)

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41
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Supply pulmonary lobules

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42
Q

Pulmonary lobules

A

Many alveoli
~150 mil per lung
Surrounded with network of pulmonary capillaries

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43
Q

Pulmonary lobules walls

A

Very thin

Simple squamous epithelium on thin basement membrane

44
Q

Alveolus

A

Open one side
Pneumocytes
Roaming macrophages (remove debris)

45
Q

Pneumocytes

A

Lung epithelial cells
Type 1 squamous
Type 2 cuboidal

46
Q

Type 1 squamous

A

Blood - air barrier with capillary wall & shared basement membrane

47
Q

Type 2 cuboidal

A

Scattered among type 1
Secrete surfactant
Reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid

48
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Pericardium
Pleura
Mediastinum
Pleural cavities

49
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane

50
Q

Pleura allows..

A

frictionless movement within

51
Q

Mediastinum

A

Area b/w lungs

Heart, vessels, pericardium

52
Q

Pleural cavities

A

Separated lungs

One stops functioning, doesn’t affect the others

53
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure = 1/volume

54
Q

Pressure measured by

A

Collisions
High no of collision = greater pressure
Low no = low pressure

55
Q

To breathe using…

A

Pressure gradients
Inspiration Pout > Pinside
Expiration Pout < Pinside

56
Q

Muscles for respiration

A

Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Accessory muscles

57
Q

Diaphragm structure

A

Steletal muscle

Separates thorax from abdomen

58
Q

Diaphragm function

A

Relaxed - dome-shaped

Contracted - flattens, expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity

59
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Diagonal b/e neighbouring ribs

External and internal

60
Q

Intercostal muscles internal

A

Depress ribcage and decrease cavity

Expiration - forced

61
Q

Intercostal muscles external

A

Lift ribcage and expand cavity

Inspiration - quiet and forced

62
Q

Accessory muscles

A

Only active when needed

Increase/decrease cavity when forced

63
Q

To help lung expansion

A

Tissue elastic = trying to recoil

Pleura = lungs stick to thoracic wall

64
Q

Opposing forces of respiration

A

Stiffness of lungs

Resistance of airways

65
Q

Stiffness of lungs

A

Compliance
Pulmonary fibrosis
Surface tension

66
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Decrease compliance, vital capacity and pressure

67
Q

Surface tension

A

H2O molecule strong attraction - hold lungs in place

Surfactant exert surface tension and thin walls enhance effects

68
Q

Resistance of airways

A

Air to brochioles - need to overcome friction
R = 1/(0.5d)^4
smooth muscle - constrict/dilute - change air flow

69
Q

Spirometry Trace volumes

A 
Tidal volume (VT)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve vol (ERV)
Residual vol
Minimal vol
70
Q

Tidal volume (VT)

A

Vol of air moved in/out during quiet breath

71
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Extra vol that can be inspired with max inhalation

72
Q

Expiratory reserve vol (ERV)

A

Extra vol that can be exhlaed with max effort

73
Q

Residual vol

A

Vol remaining in lungs after max exhalation

74
Q

Minimal vol

A

Vol remaining in lungs if collapsed

75
Q

Spirometry Trace capacities

A

Vital capacity
Total lung capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity

76
Q

Vital capacity

A

IRV + ERV + VT

Vol of air can be shifted in/out lungs

77
Q

Total lung capacity

A

VT + residual vol

Total vol i lungs if filled to max

78
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

IRV + VT

Total vol can inspire from rest

79
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

ERV + residual vol

Vol remaining in lungs after normal exhalation

80
Q

FEV1

A

Forced expiratory vol in 1 sec

81
Q

FEV1/VC =

A

~80%

<0.7 = obstruction

82
Q

Obstructive

A

Resistance to airflow

83
Q

Restrictive

A

Reduced lung capacity

84
Q

Amount of air breath in/out

A

Vf = Vt x f

85
Q

Air to alveoli equation

A

Va = (Vt - Vd) x f

86
Q

Vd

A

Dead space
Air trapped in tree - no gas exchange
Remove = deep breaths

87
Q

Diffusion rate across blood air barrier

A

SA
Thickness
Pressure difference

88
Q

SA

A

Bulbous alveoli and high density of capillaries (increase)

Emphysema -dilation of space ad destruction of walls (decrease)

89
Q

Thickness

A

Alveolar and capillary wall - very thin

Increase diffusion

90
Q

Pressure difference

A

Alveolar oxygen depends on: atmospheric oxygen, alveolar ventilation, blood oxygen
Difference influences speed of movement

91
Q

O2 transportation

A

Dissolved O2 - binds to haemoglobin

Dissolves poorly in warm conditions

92
Q

CO2 transportation

A

Dissolved in plasma

Bound to haemoglobin

93
Q

CO2 and pH

A

CO2 + H2O = carbonic acid

Dissociates to bicarbonate and H+ = decrease pH

94
Q

Haemoglobin binding curve

A

Sigmoidal - cooperative binding of O2

Release O2 in tissue that need it the most

95
Q

Shifts in binding curve

A

Lower pH = decrease O2 affinity

Higher temp = decrease O2 affinity

96
Q

Shift in binding curve exercise

A

pH decreases and temp increases

Increase O2 delivery

97
Q

Control of breathing

A

Chermoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Lung stretch receptors
Protection reflex

98
Q

Lung stretch receptors

A

Inflate/deflate = afferent input to brain = efferent signals prevent too much stretch either way

99
Q

Protection reflex

A

Detect irritation = efferent signal to sneeze/cough

100
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Most important signal and strongest efferent response

Monitor CO2 levels

101
Q

Baroreceptors

A

B.p sensors
Changes respiratory minute = changes untake of air
Forces or slows CO2 movement

102
Q

Sternocostal

A

Synovial

Except 1st - cartilaginous

103
Q

Costochondral

A

Cartilaginous

104
Q

Interchondral

A

Synovial

105
Q

Costal cartilage

A

Hyaline

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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