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Gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

Stratified Squamous areas

A

Oral
Cavity
Esophagus
Anal canal

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2
Q

Stratified Squamous role

A

Protection from abrasion

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3
Q

Simple columnar areas

A

Stomach
S.I
L.I

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4
Q

Simple columnar role

A

Secretion and absorption

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5
Q

Goblet cells

A

Unicellular glands
Columnar
Apical mucous granules
Basal nucleus

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6
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Epithelium invaginated forms glands

Simple and compound

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7
Q

Multicellular glands simple

A

Single duct

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8
Q

Multicellular glands compound

A

2+ ducts = increase SA for secretion

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9
Q

4 layers of GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis (externa/propria)
Adventitia

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10
Q

Mucosa consist of

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria (FCT)
Muscularis mucosae

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11
Q

Muscularis mucosae function

A

Enhance absorption, secretion of glands

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12
Q

Submucosa consist of

A

Glands
Connective tissues
Blood vessle

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13
Q

Submucosa secretion regulated by

A

Submucosal nerve plexus

Enteric nervous system

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14
Q

Muscularis (externa/propria) consist of

A

Smooth muscle - 2 layers

Involuntary control

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15
Q

Muscularis (externa/propria) 2 layers of smooth muscle and between layers

A

Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Myenteric plexus

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16
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

ENS

Regulate motility

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17
Q

Adventitia

A

FCT

If in peritoneal cavity, serosa lining

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18
Q

Oral cavity

A

Enzymes - start digestion
Lubication
Fauces -> oropharynx -> esophagus

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19
Q

Salivary glands

A

Connected to oral cavity via ducts

3 types

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20
Q

3 salivary glands

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

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21
Q

Parotid

A

Serous fluid with amylase

Anterior, inferior to ear

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22
Q

Sublingual

A

Mucos

Below tongue

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23
Q

Submandibular

A

Mixed

Below mandible

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24
Q

Acinus

A

Cells in cluster

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25
Acinar cells secrete
Amylase
26
Duct cells secrete
Bicarbonate
27
Esophagus
Highly folded submucosa and mucosa Muscularis externa Mucous
28
Esophagus muscularis externa
Move food bolus First 1/3 = skeletal muscle Middle = mixed Last = smooth muslce
29
Esophagus mucous
Lubrication for food travel and protection From glands with ducts No goblet cells
30
Stomach location
Base of esophagus | Pass through diaphragm - esophageal hiatus
31
Lower esophageal sphincter
Prevent reflux through contracting
32
Omentum
Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects one organ to another
33
Lesser omentum
Stomach to liver
34
Greater omentum
``` Stomach to transverse colon Adipose tissue (cushioning) ```
35
Pyloric sphincter
Control release of chyme into S.I
36
Storage (stomach)
Rugae - folded core of submucosa | Temporary fold = expansion to 1.5L
37
Mechanical digestion (stomach)
Muscularis Drive food to S.I Thicker in distal stomach 3 layers
38
3 layers muscularis (stomach)
Inner to outer Oblique Circular Longitudinal
39
Chemical digestion
Mucous epithelia cells Partietal cells Chief cells G cells
40
Partietal cells
``` Acid + intrinsic factor Pump ions (H+) Abundant mitochondria, central nucleus Folded = increase SA ```
41
Chief cells
Pepsinogen Abundant rER Apical zymogen granules Basal nucleus
42
G cells
Hormones - gastin
43
Regulation (stomach)
Endocrine | Neutral
44
Endocrine regulation
Endocrine cells in mucosa | Gastrin and ghrelin secreted into bloodstream
45
Neutral regulation
ENS - local reflexes (primary) | CNS regulates ENS function
46
Pancreatic acinar cell
Apical zymogen granules Basel nucleus Abundant rER
47
Pancreas regulation of bile
Pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla | Duodenal papilla projects into duodenal lumen
48
Bile release
Controlled by hepatopancreatic sphincter
49
Pancreas location
``` Head in duodenum Tail to spleen Posterior to stomach Duct into duoderal lumen Retroperitoneal ```
50
S.I 3 regions
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
51
Duodenum
Where stomach emptys
52
Jejunum
Where majority of absorption occurs
53
Ileum
Longest, emptys into large intestine
54
S.I length
~6m
55
S.I arrangement
Retroperitoneal - initial part of duodenum | Intraperitoneal - jejunum, ileum
56
S.I held in place via
Mensentery Allows movement Prevents tangles, knots
57
Mesentery
Double layer visceral peritoneum Connects organ to body wall Contains arteries, vessels, nerves
58
Plicae Circulares
Permanent large folds | Core = submucosa
59
Villi
On surface of plicae circulares muscularis mucosae Core = FCT (lamina propria)
60
Villi muscularis mucosae
Contracts = villia move | Increase exposure to lumen and its contents
61
Villi
On surface of plicae circulares muscularis mucosae Core = FCT (lamina propria)
62
L.I retroperitoneal
Ascending | Decending
63
L.I intraperitoneal
Transverse | Sigmoidal
64
Microvilli
On apical surface Microvilli brush boarder Gycocalyx
65
Gycocalyx
``` Glycoproteins branched filaments Tethers enzymes (involved in contact digestion) ```
66
Mesenteric blood vessels
``` Nutrient-rich, deoxygenated Mesenteric veins Hepatic portal vein Detoxify by liver Heart ```
67
Mesenteric lymphatic drainage
Lymph lacteals Cisterna chyli Thoracic duct Left subclavian vein
68
Enterocytes
Absorptive cells
69
Goblet cells
Secretes mucosa
70
Stem cells
Make all the cell types
71
Paneth cells
Granules, antibacterial enzymes
72
Endocrine cells
Secretes hormones
73
Teniae coil
Muscularis 3 bands longitudinal smooth muscle Stronger contractions
74
Haustra
Pounches in colon wall
75
Omental appendices
Sacs of fat
76
Muscosa
``` Invaginates = glands Epithlium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae (no invaginatation) H2O and NA+ absorption ```
77
Rectum epithelium
before anal colum - simple columnar | after - stratified squamous
78
Internal anal
Smooth | Involuntary control
79
External anal
Skeletal | Voluntary
80
Defecation Reflex
Movement feces = stimulate stretch receptors Internal relax external concious
81
Liver hepatocytes
Produce bile
82
Portal Triad
Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein Bile duct
83
Process of blood and bile
Blood to central vein Processed by hepatocytes/produce bile Bile secreted into canaliculi and travel to bile duct
84
Regulation
Of intestinal lumen Responds to stretch and change in composition Effect smooth muscle and glands
85
Nervous regulation CNS
Over long distances Parasympathetic and sympathetic Modulates activity of ENS
86
CNS Parasympathetic and sympathetic
Para - stimulates motility and secretion | Sym - inhibits
87
Nervous regulation ENS
Short distances | Self - contained
88
Nervous regulation ENS Submucosal plexus Myenteric plexus Local reflexes
Secretion Motility Peristalsis and segmentation
89
Hormanal regulation
Endocrine (blood) and paracrine (interfluid)
90
Motility function
Controlled rate Propulsion, storage Aid chemical digestion and absorption
91
Motility how it occurs
Smooth muscles Spontaneous activity Strength regulated by nervous and hormonal input
92
Motility frequency
Stomach 3/min Duodenum 12/min Ileum 9/min
93
Fasting
Migrating motor complex
94
Migrating motor complex
``` 4h after meal Repeats every 2h until eat again 1 h inactivity 50 mins uncoordinated activity 10 mins coordinated activity ```
95
Feeding storage
Increase vol without great change in pressure
96
Motility patterns mouth and esophagus
Chewing - voluntary, control f strength, freq, etc | Shallowing - rapid transfer, initiated at will
97
Feeding storage
Increase vol without great change in pressure | Fundus and body
98
Storage sense
Nervous regulation - arrival of food = relax smooth muscle cells and gastic accomodation Vagus nerve
99
Feeding peristalsis
Increase curvature to antrum 60 (after meal) = gentle 60 - 300 mins = intense
100
Retropulsion
+ pyloric sphincter | = mechanical digestion and mixing
101
Motility patterns mouth and esophagus
Chewing - voluntary, control f strength, freq, etc | Shallowing - rapid transfer, initiated at will
102
Gastric emptying
Rate = digestive capacity of intestine | Regulated by feedback from duodenum
103
Rate of gastric emptying
Fluid faster | Fats = slow to digest
104
S.I
Mix secretions Controlled movement Exp
105
Exocrine secretion
Mucus Electrolytes solution Digestive enzymes
106
Mucus function
Protection, lubication, aids mechanical digestion
107
Electrolytes solution function
Dilutes food, optimal pH, aids chemical digestion
108
Digestive enzymes function
Absorption, aids chemcial digestion
109
Saliary amount/day | Basal and stimulated amounts
1. 5L/day | 0. 3ml/min & 1.5ml/min
110
% of salivary glands
Sublingual 5% Submandibular 70% Parotid 25%
111
Salivary enzymes
``` Lingual lipase (fats) Alpha amylase (starch) ```
112
Salivary aids
Talking, swallowing Hygiene (irrigation) Tasting
113
Salivary regulation automatic nervous system
para - copious amounts of fluid | sym - small vol of viscous fluid
114
Gastric secretion b/w meals
Slow | Mucous cells
115
Gastric secretion when eating
Basal rate | Mucosa, parietal, chief cells
116
Pepsinogen
Inactive pepsin
117
Parietal cells H+
Carbon anhydoase | H2CO3 -> H+
118
Parietal cells secretion H+
H+ - K+ ATPase Apical membrance H+ to lumen
119
Parietal cells Cl-
Anion counter transporter Serosal membrane HCO3- into blood (alkaline) Cl- into cell
120
Parietal cells secretion Cl-
Passive diffusion | Cl- channel in apical membrane
121
Cephalic phase - parietal cell regulation
Head control secretion (~20%) Arrival of food Parasympathetic nervous system - ENS
122
Gastic phase - partietal cell regulation
Stomach control secretion (~70%) Stretch wall, products in lumen or increase pH (more basic) ENS and parasympathetic
123
Biliary
Bile salts HCO3- Bile pigments Cholesterol
124
Biliary regulation
CCK and secretin | Own system
125
Biliary regulation CCK
Repond to products in duodenum Contract gallbladder Relax hepatopancreatic ampulla
126
Biliary regulation secretin
Mild stimulation of bile
127
Biliary regulation own
Enterohepatic circulation | 95% reabsorbed
128
Carbonhydrates composition
Long chain glucose, joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
129
Disaccharides
Surcose Lactose Maltose
130
Monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose Galactose
131
Surcose Lactose Maltose
Glucose + Fructose Glucose + Galactose Glucose x2
132
Lumen digestion carbonhydrates
Pepsin (stomach) Pancreatic amylase (s.i) Poly -> oligo and di
133
Contact digestion
Sucrase, lactase, maltase | di -> mono
134
Protein
Not source of energy 20 8 essential 50% diet and 50% endogenous proteins
135
Protein lumen digestion
Pepsin (stomach) Trypsin, chymotrysin, carboxypeptidase (S.I) to polypeptides
136
Protein contact digestion
Peptidases - attach to brush boarder | to a.a
137
Lipids
Not essential Source of energy Triglycerides
138
Lipids digestion
Lumen | Pancreatic lipase
139
Emulsification
Motility - make lipid droplets smaller Stomach - retropulsion - simple S.I - segmentation - complex
140
Stabilization
S.I | Bile salts stablise emulsion droplet size
141
Hydrolysis
Colipase anchor lipase to surface of emulsion droplets | triglycerides -> monoglycerides + free fatty acids
142
Formation of micelles
Products = kept in solution by micelles 4-6 nm 20-30 molecules
143
Majority of absorption
S.I 90% H2O and Na+ All nutrients L.I 9% H2O and Na+
144
Water absorption
Osmosis | Gradient set by active absorption of salts, nutrients
145
Sodium absorption
Passive - paracellular | Active - transcellular
146
Sodium active absoprtion
Na+ transporter only With Na+/H+ exchanger (down conc gradient) Na+,K+ ATPase
147
Carbohydrates passive
All monosaccharides diffuse down paracellular pathway
148
Carbohydrates active
Glucose and galactose Apical - Na+ glucose cotransporter Basolateral - glucose carrier
149
A.a absorption passive
Conc gradient
150
A.a absorption active
Apical - cotransport with Na+ | Basolateral - a.a carrier
151
Fats absorption
whole micelle not absorbed | Fatty acids and monoglycerides
152
Fat absorption
In cell Resynthesised into tri => chylomicrons and exit cell vis exocytosis into lymph lacteals
153
Bile salts
Ileum active - apical Na+ dependent bile acid cotransporter | Colon passive
154
Vitamins
Fat soluble or water soluble | B12 - absorbed in ileum - bind to intrinsic factor
155
Pancreatic enzymes
``` From acinar cells Lipolytic Amylytic Proteolytic Nucleolytic ```
156
Pancreatic enzymes function
chemcial digestion
157
Pancreatic enzymes stimulated
Hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)
158
CCK stimulated by
By lipid and carbonhydrates in duodemun
159
Activation process
Protealoytic enzymes = inactive | Activated by enterokinase/enteropeptidase (bound to duodenal membrane
160
Inactive protealytic enzymes to active
Trypsinogen -> trypsin | Trypsin activates chymotrysin and carboxypeptidase
161
Inactive protealytic enzymes
Chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrysin | Procarboxypeptidase -> carboxypeptidase

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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