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HUBS192 > Gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

Stratified Squamous areas

A

Oral
Cavity
Esophagus
Anal canal

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2
Q

Stratified Squamous role

A

Protection from abrasion

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3
Q

Simple columnar areas

A

Stomach
S.I
L.I

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4
Q

Simple columnar role

A

Secretion and absorption

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5
Q

Goblet cells

A

Unicellular glands
Columnar
Apical mucous granules
Basal nucleus

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6
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Epithelium invaginated forms glands

Simple and compound

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7
Q

Multicellular glands simple

A

Single duct

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8
Q

Multicellular glands compound

A

2+ ducts = increase SA for secretion

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9
Q

4 layers of GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis (externa/propria)
Adventitia

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10
Q

Mucosa consist of

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria (FCT)
Muscularis mucosae

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11
Q

Muscularis mucosae function

A

Enhance absorption, secretion of glands

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12
Q

Submucosa consist of

A

Glands
Connective tissues
Blood vessle

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13
Q

Submucosa secretion regulated by

A

Submucosal nerve plexus

Enteric nervous system

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14
Q

Muscularis (externa/propria) consist of

A

Smooth muscle - 2 layers

Involuntary control

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15
Q

Muscularis (externa/propria) 2 layers of smooth muscle and between layers

A

Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Myenteric plexus

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16
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

ENS

Regulate motility

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17
Q

Adventitia

A

FCT

If in peritoneal cavity, serosa lining

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18
Q

Oral cavity

A

Enzymes - start digestion
Lubication
Fauces -> oropharynx -> esophagus

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19
Q

Salivary glands

A

Connected to oral cavity via ducts

3 types

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20
Q

3 salivary glands

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

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21
Q

Parotid

A

Serous fluid with amylase

Anterior, inferior to ear

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22
Q

Sublingual

A

Mucos

Below tongue

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23
Q

Submandibular

A

Mixed

Below mandible

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24
Q

Acinus

A

Cells in cluster

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25
Q

Acinar cells secrete

A

Amylase

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26
Q

Duct cells secrete

A

Bicarbonate

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27
Q

Esophagus

A

Highly folded submucosa and mucosa
Muscularis externa
Mucous

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28
Q

Esophagus muscularis externa

A

Move food bolus
First 1/3 = skeletal muscle
Middle = mixed
Last = smooth muslce

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29
Q

Esophagus mucous

A

Lubrication for food travel and protection
From glands with ducts
No goblet cells

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30
Q

Stomach location

A

Base of esophagus

Pass through diaphragm - esophageal hiatus

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31
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

Prevent reflux through contracting

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32
Q

Omentum

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects one organ to another

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33
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Stomach to liver

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34
Q

Greater omentum

A 
Stomach to transverse colon
Adipose tissue (cushioning)
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35
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Control release of chyme into S.I

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36
Q

Storage (stomach)

A

Rugae - folded core of submucosa

Temporary fold = expansion to 1.5L

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37
Q

Mechanical digestion (stomach)

A

Muscularis
Drive food to S.I
Thicker in distal stomach
3 layers

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38
Q

3 layers muscularis (stomach)

A

Inner to outer
Oblique
Circular
Longitudinal

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39
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Mucous epithelia cells
Partietal cells
Chief cells
G cells

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40
Q

Partietal cells

A 
Acid + intrinsic factor
Pump ions (H+)
Abundant mitochondria, central nucleus
Folded = increase SA
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41
Q

Chief cells

A

Pepsinogen
Abundant rER
Apical zymogen granules
Basal nucleus

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42
Q

G cells

A

Hormones - gastin

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43
Q

Regulation (stomach)

A

Endocrine

Neutral

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44
Q

Endocrine regulation

A

Endocrine cells in mucosa

Gastrin and ghrelin secreted into bloodstream

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45
Q

Neutral regulation

A

ENS - local reflexes (primary)

CNS regulates ENS function

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46
Q

Pancreatic acinar cell

A

Apical zymogen granules
Basel nucleus
Abundant rER

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47
Q

Pancreas regulation of bile

A

Pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla

Duodenal papilla projects into duodenal lumen

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48
Q

Bile release

A

Controlled by hepatopancreatic sphincter

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49
Q

Pancreas location

A 
Head in duodenum
Tail to spleen
Posterior to stomach
Duct into duoderal lumen
Retroperitoneal
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50
Q

S.I 3 regions

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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51
Q

Duodenum

A

Where stomach emptys

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52
Q

Jejunum

A

Where majority of absorption occurs

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53
Q

Ileum

A

Longest, emptys into large intestine

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54
Q

S.I length

A

~6m

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55
Q

S.I arrangement

A

Retroperitoneal - initial part of duodenum

Intraperitoneal - jejunum, ileum

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56
Q

S.I held in place via

A

Mensentery
Allows movement
Prevents tangles, knots

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57
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer visceral peritoneum
Connects organ to body wall
Contains arteries, vessels, nerves

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58
Q

Plicae Circulares

A

Permanent large folds

Core = submucosa

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59
Q

Villi

A

On surface of plicae circulares
muscularis mucosae
Core = FCT (lamina propria)

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60
Q

Villi muscularis mucosae

A

Contracts = villia move

Increase exposure to lumen and its contents

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61
Q

Villi

A

On surface of plicae circulares
muscularis mucosae
Core = FCT (lamina propria)

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62
Q

L.I retroperitoneal

A

Ascending

Decending

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63
Q

L.I intraperitoneal

A

Transverse

Sigmoidal

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64
Q

Microvilli

A

On apical surface
Microvilli brush boarder
Gycocalyx

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65
Q

Gycocalyx

A 
Glycoproteins branched filaments
Tethers enzymes (involved in contact digestion)
66
Q

Mesenteric blood vessels

A 
Nutrient-rich, deoxygenated 
Mesenteric veins 
Hepatic portal vein 
Detoxify by liver 
Heart
67
Q

Mesenteric lymphatic drainage

A

Lymph lacteals
Cisterna chyli
Thoracic duct
Left subclavian vein

68
Q

Enterocytes

A

Absorptive cells

69
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secretes mucosa

70
Q

Stem cells

A

Make all the cell types

71
Q

Paneth cells

A

Granules, antibacterial enzymes

72
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Secretes hormones

73
Q

Teniae coil

A

Muscularis
3 bands longitudinal smooth muscle
Stronger contractions

74
Q

Haustra

A

Pounches in colon wall

75
Q

Omental appendices

A

Sacs of fat

76
Q

Muscosa

A 
Invaginates = glands
Epithlium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae (no invaginatation) 
H2O and NA+ absorption
77
Q

Rectum epithelium

A

before anal colum - simple columnar

after - stratified squamous

78
Q

Internal anal

A

Smooth

Involuntary control

79
Q

External anal

A

Skeletal

Voluntary

80
Q

Defecation Reflex

A

Movement feces = stimulate stretch receptors
Internal relax
external concious

81
Q

Liver hepatocytes

A

Produce bile

82
Q

Portal Triad

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Bile duct

83
Q

Process of blood and bile

A

Blood to central vein
Processed by hepatocytes/produce bile
Bile secreted into canaliculi and travel to bile duct

84
Q

Regulation

A

Of intestinal lumen
Responds to stretch and change in composition
Effect smooth muscle and glands

85
Q

Nervous regulation CNS

A

Over long distances
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
Modulates activity of ENS

86
Q

CNS Parasympathetic and sympathetic

A

Para - stimulates motility and secretion

Sym - inhibits

87
Q

Nervous regulation ENS

A

Short distances

Self - contained

88
Q

Nervous regulation ENS
Submucosal plexus
Myenteric plexus
Local reflexes

A

Secretion
Motility
Peristalsis and segmentation

89
Q

Hormanal regulation

A

Endocrine (blood) and paracrine (interfluid)

90
Q

Motility function

A

Controlled rate
Propulsion, storage
Aid chemical digestion and absorption

91
Q

Motility how it occurs

A

Smooth muscles
Spontaneous activity
Strength regulated by nervous and hormonal input

92
Q

Motility frequency

A

Stomach 3/min
Duodenum 12/min
Ileum 9/min

93
Q

Fasting

A

Migrating motor complex

94
Q

Migrating motor complex

A 
4h after meal
Repeats every 2h until eat again
1 h inactivity
50 mins uncoordinated activity
10 mins coordinated activity
95
Q

Feeding storage

A

Increase vol without great change in pressure

96
Q

Motility patterns mouth and esophagus

A

Chewing - voluntary, control f strength, freq, etc

Shallowing - rapid transfer, initiated at will

97
Q

Feeding storage

A

Increase vol without great change in pressure

Fundus and body

98
Q

Storage sense

A

Nervous regulation - arrival of food = relax smooth muscle cells and gastic accomodation
Vagus nerve

99
Q

Feeding peristalsis

A

Increase curvature to antrum
60 (after meal) = gentle
60 - 300 mins = intense

100
Q

Retropulsion

A

+ pyloric sphincter

= mechanical digestion and mixing

101
Q

Motility patterns mouth and esophagus

A

Chewing - voluntary, control f strength, freq, etc

Shallowing - rapid transfer, initiated at will

102
Q

Gastric emptying

A

Rate = digestive capacity of intestine

Regulated by feedback from duodenum

103
Q

Rate of gastric emptying

A

Fluid faster

Fats = slow to digest

104
Q

S.I

A

Mix secretions
Controlled movement
Exp

105
Q

Exocrine secretion

A

Mucus
Electrolytes solution
Digestive enzymes

106
Q

Mucus function

A

Protection, lubication, aids mechanical digestion

107
Q

Electrolytes solution function

A

Dilutes food, optimal pH, aids chemical digestion

108
Q

Digestive enzymes function

A

Absorption, aids chemcial digestion

109
Q

Saliary amount/day

Basal and stimulated amounts

A
  1. 5L/day

0. 3ml/min & 1.5ml/min

110
Q

% of salivary glands

A

Sublingual 5%
Submandibular 70%
Parotid 25%

111
Q

Salivary enzymes

A 
Lingual lipase (fats)
Alpha amylase (starch)
112
Q

Salivary aids

A

Talking, swallowing
Hygiene (irrigation)
Tasting

113
Q

Salivary regulation automatic nervous system

A

para - copious amounts of fluid

sym - small vol of viscous fluid

114
Q

Gastric secretion b/w meals

A

Slow

Mucous cells

115
Q

Gastric secretion when eating

A

Basal rate

Mucosa, parietal, chief cells

116
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive pepsin

117
Q

Parietal cells H+

A

Carbon anhydoase

H2CO3 -> H+

118
Q

Parietal cells secretion H+

A

H+ - K+ ATPase
Apical membrance
H+ to lumen

119
Q

Parietal cells Cl-

A

Anion counter transporter
Serosal membrane
HCO3- into blood (alkaline)
Cl- into cell

120
Q

Parietal cells secretion Cl-

A

Passive diffusion

Cl- channel in apical membrane

121
Q

Cephalic phase - parietal cell regulation

A

Head control secretion (~20%)
Arrival of food
Parasympathetic nervous system - ENS

122
Q

Gastic phase - partietal cell regulation

A

Stomach control secretion (~70%)
Stretch wall, products in lumen or increase pH (more basic)
ENS and parasympathetic

123
Q

Biliary

A

Bile salts
HCO3-
Bile pigments
Cholesterol

124
Q

Biliary regulation

A

CCK and secretin

Own system

125
Q

Biliary regulation CCK

A

Repond to products in duodenum
Contract gallbladder
Relax hepatopancreatic ampulla

126
Q

Biliary regulation secretin

A

Mild stimulation of bile

127
Q

Biliary regulation own

A

Enterohepatic circulation

95% reabsorbed

128
Q

Carbonhydrates composition

A

Long chain glucose, joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

129
Q

Disaccharides

A

Surcose
Lactose
Maltose

130
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

131
Q

Surcose
Lactose
Maltose

A

Glucose + Fructose
Glucose + Galactose
Glucose x2

132
Q

Lumen digestion carbonhydrates

A

Pepsin (stomach)
Pancreatic amylase (s.i)
Poly -> oligo and di

133
Q

Contact digestion

A

Sucrase, lactase, maltase

di -> mono

134
Q

Protein

A

Not source of energy
20
8 essential
50% diet and 50% endogenous proteins

135
Q

Protein lumen digestion

A

Pepsin (stomach)
Trypsin, chymotrysin, carboxypeptidase (S.I)
to polypeptides

136
Q

Protein contact digestion

A

Peptidases - attach to brush boarder

to a.a

137
Q

Lipids

A

Not essential
Source of energy
Triglycerides

138
Q

Lipids digestion

A

Lumen

Pancreatic lipase

139
Q

Emulsification

A

Motility - make lipid droplets smaller
Stomach - retropulsion - simple
S.I - segmentation - complex

140
Q

Stabilization

A

S.I

Bile salts stablise emulsion droplet size

141
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Colipase anchor lipase to surface of emulsion droplets

triglycerides -> monoglycerides + free fatty acids

142
Q

Formation of micelles

A

Products = kept in solution by micelles
4-6 nm
20-30 molecules

143
Q

Majority of absorption

A

S.I
90% H2O and Na+
All nutrients

L.I
9% H2O and Na+

144
Q

Water absorption

A

Osmosis

Gradient set by active absorption of salts, nutrients

145
Q

Sodium absorption

A

Passive - paracellular

Active - transcellular

146
Q

Sodium active absoprtion

A

Na+ transporter only
With Na+/H+ exchanger (down conc gradient)
Na+,K+ ATPase

147
Q

Carbohydrates passive

A

All monosaccharides diffuse down paracellular pathway

148
Q

Carbohydrates active

A

Glucose and galactose
Apical - Na+ glucose cotransporter
Basolateral - glucose carrier

149
Q

A.a absorption passive

A

Conc gradient

150
Q

A.a absorption active

A

Apical - cotransport with Na+

Basolateral - a.a carrier

151
Q

Fats absorption

A

whole micelle not absorbed

Fatty acids and monoglycerides

152
Q

Fat absorption

A

In cell
Resynthesised into tri
=> chylomicrons and exit cell vis exocytosis into lymph lacteals

153
Q

Bile salts

A

Ileum active - apical Na+ dependent bile acid cotransporter

Colon passive

154
Q

Vitamins

A

Fat soluble or water soluble

B12 - absorbed in ileum - bind to intrinsic factor

155
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A 
From acinar cells
Lipolytic
Amylytic
Proteolytic
Nucleolytic
156
Q

Pancreatic enzymes function

A

chemcial digestion

157
Q

Pancreatic enzymes stimulated

A

Hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)

158
Q

CCK stimulated by

A

By lipid and carbonhydrates in duodemun

159
Q

Activation process

A

Protealoytic enzymes = inactive

Activated by enterokinase/enteropeptidase (bound to duodenal membrane

160
Q

Inactive protealytic enzymes to active

A

Trypsinogen -> trypsin

Trypsin activates chymotrysin and carboxypeptidase

161
Q

Inactive protealytic enzymes

A

Chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrysin

Procarboxypeptidase -> carboxypeptidase

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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