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HUBS192 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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2
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Hypodermis

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3
Q

What type of epithelial cell is epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What is epidermis mostly made of?

A

Keratinocytes

Keratin

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5
Q

No circulation

A

Avascular

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6
Q

Layers of the epidermis (outer to inner)

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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7
Q

Stratum corneum features

A

Dead, hard cells

Prevent infection and decomposition

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8
Q

Stratum granulosum features

A

Granules
Dehydration (increase resistant)
crosslinking keratin fibres

Waxy material
Intercellular space
Prevent material passing through

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9
Q

Stratum spinosum features

A

Desmosomes
Link cells together

Cells flatten when moved upwards

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10
Q

Stratum basale features

A

Columnar regenerative cells

Basal cells divide, replenish the layer above

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11
Q

Dermis layers

A 
Papillary layer (top)
Reticular layer (bottom)
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12
Q

Dermis features

A

Protein fibres for strength
Vascular (nourishes epidermis)
Doesn’t shed

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13
Q

Protein fibres

A

Elastin and collagen

In the reticular layer

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14
Q

How are cells removed from the dermis layer?

A

Dead cells are broken down and removed from the body as waste

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15
Q

Benefits of papillary layer

A

Increase surface area and better transfer of nutrients

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16
Q

Hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue

insulation, energy storage

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17
Q

Epithelial cell types

A

Simple/Stratified

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

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18
Q

Thick skin characteristics

A

Palms and soles
No hair
Extra epidermal layer
Stratum lucidum

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19
Q

Layer special to thick skin

A

Stratum lucidum

Clear layer

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20
Q

Signs of skin ageing

A 
Thin, drier epidermis (less sebum)
Thin dermis
Impaired cooling
Slow skin repair
Less pigmentation
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21
Q

Skin on humans

A

16% body weight

Hairless and sweaty - survival advantage

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22
Q

Hair components

A

Hair shaft
Hair follicle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle

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23
Q

Sebaceous gland function

A

Produce sebum
Protection against elements - moisture/water repellent
Prominent on upper body

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24
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Contracts in cold
Hair strands stand on end
Feedforward, influence behaviour response

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25
Cause of acne
Blockage of hair follicle due to sebum
26
Types of sweat glands
Eccrine | Apocrine
27
Eccrine found...
Everywhere | Base in dermis and terminates at skin surface
28
Eccrine function
Thermoregulation (eg. sweating)
29
Apocrine found...
Specialised | Deep dermis/hypodermis and releases into base of hair follicle
30
Apocrine function
Oily
31
Nail function
Increase sensation | Protect fingertip
32
How do nails increase sensation
Sense = how deformed receptors become | Hard backing = more deformation
33
Responsible for pigmentation
Melanocytes
34
Melanocytes features
Produces melanin Found in stratum basale Not shed Density varies in body, not b/w races
35
Melanin
Pigment absorbs UV light, protection from UV damage | Transferred by melansomes to epidermal cells
36
Melanosomes are
Vesicles with melanin within epidermis. Sheds with keratinocytes Different rates of production = different colours
37
Vit D deficiency caused by
Low UV exposure | High pigmentation
38
Basal cell carcinoma
Common, harmless Stratum basale Little metastasis
39
Malignant melonoma
Rare, deadly Melanocytes Highly metastasis
40
Mortality rate depends on
Melanona depth | Deeper = decrease % of survival
41
Tattoo features
Artifical pigmentation into dermis Captured iside immun cell/scar tissue Able to travel via lymphatic system
42
Free nerve ending receptors
``` Common Small unmyelinated (dull pain) Some myelinated (sharp pain) ```
43
Free nerve ending responds to
Temp Painful stimuli Movement and pressure Light touch (peritrichial endings around hair follicle)
44
Free nerve ending senses through
``` Sensory terminals (small swelling at distal ends in epidermis) Acts as cation channels > depolarise > A.P ```
45
Tactile (Merkel) discs
Large epidermal cells | Communication b/w tactile & nerve ending via serotonin
46
Tactile (Merkel) discs senses
Texture Shape Fine touch Light pressure
47
Tactile (Merkel) discs abundant in
Fingertips | Small receptive fields
48
Tactile (Meissuer) Corpuscles found in
Papillary layer of hairless skin
49
Tactile (Meissuer) Corpuscles features
Branching unmyelinated sensory terminals In Schwann cell Surrounded by thin FCT
50
Tactile (Meissuer) Corpuscles senses
Delicate touch Light pressure Low freq vibration
51
Tactle (Meissuer) Corpuscles how does it sense
Deformation = entry of Na+ > A.P
52
Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles found
Deep in dermis & hypodermis
53
Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles senses
Deep pressure | Vibration
54
Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles senses how
Deformation opens Na+ channels in sensory axon > A.P Rapid adaption Inner layers axon terminal 'relax', A.P discontinue
55
Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles appearance
Dendrite | Surrounded by collagen fibers (from fibroblasts) & gelatinous interstitial fluid
56
Bulbous Corpuscles found
Dermis & subcutaneous tissue
57
Bulbous Corpuscles appearance
Nerve ending surrounded by collagen fibres within a capsule
58
Bulbous Corpuscles sense
Sustained deep pressure Distortion of skin Degree of joint rotation (proprioception) Slipage of object on skin
59
Blood flow controlled by
Smooth muscle in arteries and precapillary spinctors controlled by sympathetic nervous system
60
Blood flow changing levels how
Noradrenaline acts on ⍺1 adrenergic receptors on muscle
61
Increase blood flow
Decrease SNS, dilation of blood vessels
62
Decrease blood flow
GPCRs + 2nd messenger = increase Ca2+ > contraction of blood vessel
63
Types of heat transfer
Radiation Evaporation Convection Conduction
64
Eccrine sweat glands
SNS > sympathetic cholinergic = ACh > mAChRs (GRCRs)
65
Decrease heat
Vasodilation Sweating (increase SNS cholinergic) Increase repiratory rate
66
Increase heat
Shivering (oscillatory contractions mediated muscle spindles) Increase thyroxine, BMR Heat transfer b/w arteries and veins Increase cellular metabolism
67
First degree burn
Superficial - epidermis Dry, pink, barrier intact 3 - 10 days healing
68
Seconds degree burn
Epidermis, some dermis Red, moist 1 - 2 weeks
69
Deeper second degree burn
Dermis Whiteish, waxy, loss of sensation 1 month, scarring
70
Third degree burn
Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis, adipose tissue gone) Leathery, white/red/black Sensory nerves destroyed Many months
71
Control heat homeostasis
Preoptic area > hypothalamus | Central thermoreceptors
72
Complications from burns
Dehydration Infection (septic shock - bacteria in blood) Hypothermia Increase K+ - RMP
73
Skin function
Protection (abrasion, UV, fluid loss) Homeostasis (temp) Excrete waste

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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