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HUBS192 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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2
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Hypodermis

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3
Q

What type of epithelial cell is epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What is epidermis mostly made of?

A

Keratinocytes

Keratin

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5
Q

No circulation

A

Avascular

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6
Q

Layers of the epidermis (outer to inner)

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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7
Q

Stratum corneum features

A

Dead, hard cells

Prevent infection and decomposition

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8
Q

Stratum granulosum features

A

Granules
Dehydration (increase resistant)
crosslinking keratin fibres

Waxy material
Intercellular space
Prevent material passing through

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9
Q

Stratum spinosum features

A

Desmosomes
Link cells together

Cells flatten when moved upwards

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10
Q

Stratum basale features

A

Columnar regenerative cells

Basal cells divide, replenish the layer above

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11
Q

Dermis layers

A 
Papillary layer (top)
Reticular layer (bottom)
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12
Q

Dermis features

A

Protein fibres for strength
Vascular (nourishes epidermis)
Doesn’t shed

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13
Q

Protein fibres

A

Elastin and collagen

In the reticular layer

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14
Q

How are cells removed from the dermis layer?

A

Dead cells are broken down and removed from the body as waste

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15
Q

Benefits of papillary layer

A

Increase surface area and better transfer of nutrients

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16
Q

Hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue

insulation, energy storage

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17
Q

Epithelial cell types

A

Simple/Stratified

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

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18
Q

Thick skin characteristics

A

Palms and soles
No hair
Extra epidermal layer
Stratum lucidum

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19
Q

Layer special to thick skin

A

Stratum lucidum

Clear layer

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20
Q

Signs of skin ageing

A 
Thin, drier epidermis (less sebum)
Thin dermis
Impaired cooling
Slow skin repair
Less pigmentation
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21
Q

Skin on humans

A

16% body weight

Hairless and sweaty - survival advantage

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22
Q

Hair components

A

Hair shaft
Hair follicle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle

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23
Q

Sebaceous gland function

A

Produce sebum
Protection against elements - moisture/water repellent
Prominent on upper body

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24
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Contracts in cold
Hair strands stand on end
Feedforward, influence behaviour response

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25
Q

Cause of acne

A

Blockage of hair follicle due to sebum

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26
Q

Types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine

Apocrine

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27
Q

Eccrine found…

A

Everywhere

Base in dermis and terminates at skin surface

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28
Q

Eccrine function

A

Thermoregulation (eg. sweating)

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29
Q

Apocrine found…

A

Specialised

Deep dermis/hypodermis and releases into base of hair follicle

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30
Q

Apocrine function

A

Oily

31
Q

Nail function

A

Increase sensation

Protect fingertip

32
Q

How do nails increase sensation

A

Sense = how deformed receptors become

Hard backing = more deformation

33
Q

Responsible for pigmentation

A

Melanocytes

34
Q

Melanocytes features

A

Produces melanin
Found in stratum basale
Not shed
Density varies in body, not b/w races

35
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment absorbs UV light, protection from UV damage

Transferred by melansomes to epidermal cells

36
Q

Melanosomes are

A

Vesicles with melanin within epidermis. Sheds with keratinocytes
Different rates of production = different colours

37
Q

Vit D deficiency caused by

A

Low UV exposure

High pigmentation

38
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Common, harmless
Stratum basale
Little metastasis

39
Q

Malignant melonoma

A

Rare, deadly
Melanocytes
Highly metastasis

40
Q

Mortality rate depends on

A

Melanona depth

Deeper = decrease % of survival

41
Q

Tattoo features

A

Artifical pigmentation into dermis
Captured iside immun cell/scar tissue
Able to travel via lymphatic system

42
Q

Free nerve ending receptors

A 
Common
Small unmyelinated (dull pain)
Some myelinated (sharp pain)
43
Q

Free nerve ending responds to

A

Temp
Painful stimuli
Movement and pressure
Light touch (peritrichial endings around hair follicle)

44
Q

Free nerve ending senses through

A 
Sensory terminals (small swelling at distal ends in epidermis)
Acts as cation channels > depolarise > A.P
45
Q

Tactile (Merkel) discs

A

Large epidermal cells

Communication b/w tactile & nerve ending via serotonin

46
Q

Tactile (Merkel) discs senses

A

Texture
Shape
Fine touch
Light pressure

47
Q

Tactile (Merkel) discs abundant in

A

Fingertips

Small receptive fields

48
Q

Tactile (Meissuer) Corpuscles found in

A

Papillary layer of hairless skin

49
Q

Tactile (Meissuer) Corpuscles features

A

Branching unmyelinated sensory terminals
In Schwann cell
Surrounded by thin FCT

50
Q

Tactile (Meissuer) Corpuscles senses

A

Delicate touch
Light pressure
Low freq vibration

51
Q

Tactle (Meissuer) Corpuscles how does it sense

A

Deformation = entry of Na+ > A.P

52
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles found

A

Deep in dermis & hypodermis

53
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles senses

A

Deep pressure

Vibration

54
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles senses how

A

Deformation opens Na+ channels in sensory axon > A.P
Rapid adaption
Inner layers axon terminal ‘relax’, A.P discontinue

55
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles appearance

A

Dendrite

Surrounded by collagen fibers (from fibroblasts) & gelatinous interstitial fluid

56
Q

Bulbous Corpuscles found

A

Dermis & subcutaneous tissue

57
Q

Bulbous Corpuscles appearance

A

Nerve ending surrounded by collagen fibres within a capsule

58
Q

Bulbous Corpuscles sense

A

Sustained deep pressure
Distortion of skin
Degree of joint rotation (proprioception)
Slipage of object on skin

59
Q

Blood flow controlled by

A

Smooth muscle in arteries and precapillary spinctors controlled by sympathetic nervous system

60
Q

Blood flow changing levels how

A

Noradrenaline acts on ⍺1 adrenergic receptors on muscle

61
Q

Increase blood flow

A

Decrease SNS, dilation of blood vessels

62
Q

Decrease blood flow

A

GPCRs + 2nd messenger = increase Ca2+ > contraction of blood vessel

63
Q

Types of heat transfer

A

Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction

64
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

SNS > sympathetic cholinergic = ACh > mAChRs (GRCRs)

65
Q

Decrease heat

A

Vasodilation
Sweating (increase SNS cholinergic)
Increase repiratory rate

66
Q

Increase heat

A

Shivering (oscillatory contractions mediated muscle spindles)
Increase thyroxine, BMR
Heat transfer b/w arteries and veins
Increase cellular metabolism

67
Q

First degree burn

A

Superficial - epidermis
Dry, pink, barrier intact
3 - 10 days healing

68
Q

Seconds degree burn

A

Epidermis, some dermis
Red, moist
1 - 2 weeks

69
Q

Deeper second degree burn

A

Dermis
Whiteish, waxy, loss of sensation
1 month, scarring

70
Q

Third degree burn

A

Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis, adipose tissue gone)
Leathery, white/red/black
Sensory nerves destroyed
Many months

71
Q

Control heat homeostasis

A

Preoptic area > hypothalamus

Central thermoreceptors

72
Q

Complications from burns

A

Dehydration
Infection (septic shock - bacteria in blood)
Hypothermia
Increase K+ - RMP

73
Q

Skin function

A

Protection (abrasion, UV, fluid loss)
Homeostasis (temp)
Excrete waste

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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