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AHP II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of the abdomen:

  1. Superior
  2. Lateral/anterior
  3. Posterior
  4. Inferior
A
  1. Limited by the diaphragm.
  2. Abdominal muscles
  3. Thoracic and lumbar spine, musculature of the abdomen and back.
  4. Communication with pelvic cavity.
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2
Q

Abdominal peritoneum consists of which layers

A
  1. Visceral peritoneum (inner, touches organ)
  2. Peritoneal cavity.
  3. Parietal peritoneum (outer)
  4. Mesentery Suspensory structure between two cavities. Connects visceral with parietal.
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3
Q

What is the mesentery

A

Suspensory structure between two peritoneal cavities. Conveys vasculature and nerves.

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4
Q

Organs lined with peritoneum are called ____

A

Intraperitoneal

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5
Q

Organs without peritoneum are called either

A

Retroperitoneal (behind) or sub peritoneal (infra or below)

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6
Q

Do any of the urinary tract organs have peritoneal?

A

No.

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7
Q

Which urinary organs are retroperitoneal?

A

Kidneys and ureters. Very posterior, infront of spinal column.

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8
Q

Which urinary organs are infra peritoneal?

A

Urinary bladder and distal ureters. Sometimes the urethra is considered as infra.

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9
Q

Arterial circulation of the abdomen is supplied by which part of the aorta?

A

Supplied by the abdominal aorta, which descends below the diaphragm. This is a continuation of the thoracic aorta. The thoracic aorta is located left of midline because the esophagus is in the way

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10
Q

Is the inferior vena cava located right or left of midline

A

Right of midline.

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11
Q

Visceral branches of arterial circulation of the abdomen?

A

Renal arteries

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12
Q

Terminal branches of the arterial circulation

A

Aorta ends and branches into the iliac.

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13
Q

What are the two main abdominal venous systems?

A
  1. Renal and pelvis into the inferior vena cava.

2. GI organs and spleen into the hepatic portal into the liver into the inferior vena cava (portal circulation)

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14
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the urinary system

A

Greater variation in innervation than parasympathetic.

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing and go to the inferior mesenteric ganglion, where it synapses. Then goes to kidney and bladder.

So all variations receive input from the inferior mesenteric ganglion.

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15
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the urinary system

A

Exits sacral region and travels via the pelvic splanchnic nerve, synpases very close to the effector and then goes to the kidney and bladder.

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16
Q

Which kidney sits lower than the other

A

R kidney sits lower than the other because the liver takes up a lot of space above.

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17
Q

3 layers of the kidney

A

Capsule- thin layer of dense connective tissue.
Cortex- outer layer
Medulla- inner layer where urinary production occurs.

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18
Q

Hilium

A

Vascular supply and urinary output to the liver.

Renal artery and vein. Renal pelvis and ureter.

19
Q

Where are the renal pyramids located

A

In the renal medulla. Base towards outer capsule and apex towards the central renal papillae.

The cortex is between the pyramids.

20
Q

Why is the left renal vein more subject to occlusion?

A

Due to pathway of L renal vein. Passes underneath superior mesenteric artery, between it and aorta. Artery can press on vein (arteries in general have higher pressure).

Called nut cracker syndrome. This may back up of blood into L kidney.

21
Q

Four types of renal vessels

A
  1. Segmental arteries (5): Main branches off renal artery
  2. Interlobar arteries and veins: Travel from the lateral margin of medulla (pyramids) up into the cortex.
  3. Arcuate arteries and veins: Outer margin of medulla into the cortex. Arc over the pyramid base.
  4. Interlobular arteries and veins (local): Vertical projections to and from the nephron.
22
Q

The renal corpuscle contains, contained within the cortex.

A

The glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

23
Q

Corpuscle is located where

A

Cortex. Always the cortex.

24
Q

Blood flow to the nephron

A

Renal artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery and then afferent arteriole.

25
Q

Bowmans capsule contains which type of cells

A

Simple squamous epithelium

26
Q

The glomerulus contains which type of capillaries

A

Fenestrated capillaries covered by modified epithelial cells called podocytes

27
Q

Podocytes

A

Modified epithelial cells that cover the fenestrated capillaries. They are selective as to what is allowed out of capillary bed and into the nephron.

28
Q

Glomerulous

A

Urinary pole for primary urine formation. Contains fenestrated capillaries covered by modified epithelial cells called podocytes. Also contains an arteriole.

29
Q

Glomerular filtrate can also be called

A

Ultrafiltrate. This is a precursor to urine.

30
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate. Usually due to pressure in afferent and efferent arteries. EX: blockage in efferent or increased pressure in afferent= increased GFR

31
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Contains juxtaglomerular cells and the macula dense.
Contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
Site of renin release.
Water balance and blood pressure control occurs here.

32
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Cells that help maintain the filtrate. surround the afferent and efferent arterioles, and are found in the glomerulus.

33
Q

Where does urine go after the collecting duct?

A

The collecting duct spans both cortex and the medulla. It travels from the collecting duct into the minor calyx, into the major calyx, into the renal pelvis, and finally the ureter.

34
Q

What tubule makes up most of the cortex?

A

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). It absorbs 65% of primary urine.

35
Q

What is the role of the PCT and what cells is it made of?

A

Role is to absorb primary urine (absorbs 65% and makes up the majority of the cortex)

Lined with cuboidal epithelium that contain microvilli to help increase surface area.

36
Q

Where is the distal and proximal tubules located

A

Cortex

37
Q

Role of the DCT

A
  • Acid base balance
  • Sodium/H+, K+ exchange.
  • Controlled by aldosterone
38
Q

Characteristics of the DST

A 
Located in the cortex
No microvilli like the PCT 
Wide lumen 
Fewer in number than PCT
More nuclei
39
Q

Role of the ureter

A

Transports urine from kidneys to bladder

40
Q

Characteristics of the ureter

A
  • about 12 inches long
  • Bi-layer of muscle: Inner longitudinal, outer circular, and spiral constrictions.
  • Transitional epithelium
41
Q

Cells in the bladder

A

Transitional. Cuboidal when non-distended and squamous when distended

Bladder also contains smooth muscle

42
Q

Cells in the urethra

A

Transitional cells, then changes to SSNK, then SSK outside the body.

1-2 inches in females
8-9 inches in males

43
Q

The ureters insert into which side of the bladder? Where does the urethra exit from?

A

2 ureters insert onto the posterior side of the bladder.

The urethra exits from the inferior surface.

AHP II (11 decks)

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