Respiratory System Flashcards
Pleura in the thoracic cavity
Parital pleura: costal rib surfaces (outer)
Visceral pleura: Encapsulates the lungs (inner)
The pleural cavity is lined with
mesothelium. Parietal external and visceral internal
Contents of the mediastinum
Heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus
Lobes and fissures of the R and L lung
The R lung has 3 lobes (Superior, middle and inferior) divided by a horizontal and oblique fissure. Rests on the diaphragm.
The L lung has two lobes, a superior and inferior. Divided by an oblique fissure.
Pulmonary Ligament
Where parietal and visceral meet. Stabilize the lungs and prevent friction during expansion. Contains surfactant.
On the inner side of the R lung, there is a groove above the hilum for which vein?
Azygous vein. Goes above heart and drains into the superior vena cava.
On the inner side of the L lung, there is a fossa beside the hilum and groove above the hilum. What is the fossa and groove for?
Groove above the hilum is for the arch of aorta.
Fossa beside the hilum is occupied by the heart.
Pharynx 3 divisions from superior to inferior
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Structures of the Nasopharynx
Eustachian/auditory tube feeds into it
Part of the respiratory tract
Above soft palate and nearby tonsils
How does the tissue type change from the nasal cavity to nasopharynx to oropharynx.
Nasal cavity- Pseudostratified columnar with cilia
Nasopharynx- pseudo stratified columnar with cilia
Oropharynx- SSNK (Ciliated?)
What type of epithelial cells are found in the nasopharynx?
Pseudostratified with cilia
less likely- simple columnar ciliated
What type of epithelial cells are found in the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
Laryngopharynx extends from the __ to the ___
The epiglottis to the cricoid
What type of cartilage makes the epiglottis and cricoid? (both apart of the laryngopharynx)
Epiglottis- elastic cartilage
Cricoid- Hyaline cartilage
What is the laryngopharynx function?
Organ of phonation (changes pitch)
Extends from epiglottis to cricoid
Common passageway for food and air. Ends as esophagus inferiorly.
Cell type in the laryngopharynx?
Mainy SSNK
Role of the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage, but also a muscle that closes to cover the larynx.
Closes over the glottis of the larynx when you are eating food to allow food to pass into the esophagus. Open when you are breathing.
___ lies closer to the thyroid than the thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Main role of the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage?
Protect the larynx
Adams apple is formed by which cartilage
The thyroid cartilage
How many inches wide is the trachea and how many inches in diameter?
4-5 inches long
1 inch in diameter
Where is the trachea located at
Mediastinum anterior to the esophagus
The trachea extends from the ___ to ___
Larynx to T5
4 tissue layers of the trachea from inner to outer
Inner
1. Mucosa. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cell with cilia and goblet cells.
2. Submucosa. Loose connective tissue and seromucous glands.
3. Hyaline cartilage. 16-20 C shape rings. Muscle is attached to the end of the rings.
4. Adventitia binds trachea to other organs such as the esophagus.
Outer
Characteristics of the bronchus
Rigid structure similar to trachea. Contains hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle.
Smaller diameter than trachea. becomes smaller as it branches into the secondary and then tertiary bronchi.
Pseudostratified columnar then transitions to a simple columnar between the secondary and tertiary bronchi.
What do the primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi supply?
Primary supplies each lung.
Secondary supplies each lobe of the lungs (3 right and 2 left)
Tertiary supplies each bronchopulmonary segment.
Tertiary bronchi branch into
Bronchioles. Forms the respiratory tree along with the bronchi and trachea.
What is the role of glands in the nasal cavity.
Warm and humidify air.
What are the three zones of the respiratory system
Conducting zone. Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
Transition zone according to Dr. Powell. Is the respiratory bronchioles.
Respiratory zone is the alveolar ducts, sacs and alveoli.
The conducting zone contains what and what are its characteristics?
Conducting zone contains the Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
Contains cartilage.
Smooth muscle.
Controls airflow. Minimal Co2/O2 exchange.
The respiratory zone contains what and what are its characteristics?
Technically contains the respiratory bronchiole (Dr. Powell considers this a transition zone)
Contains the alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli.
Does not contain cartilage.
How many alveoli per lung
400-500 million
Where does O2/Co2 exchange occur?
Alveoli
Epithelium of the bronchus, bronchioles, and alveolus
Bronchous- pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
Bronchioles- Non ciliated simple cuboidal
Alveoli- simple squamous
Clara cells are found where and what is their role
Found in the bronchioles. Stationary.
Has immune role to help trap particles.
Also helps bronchioles keep their structure by producing surfactant. This increases surface tension and prevents the bronchioles from collapsing.
Where are dust cells found and what is their role?
Dust cells are free roaming with the alveoli sacs ?? They are special macrophages that eat toxins.
Type I vs Type II alveoli cells
Type I: O2/Co2 exchange.
Type II: Plays a role with surface tension.
