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AHP II > Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Contents of the mediastinum

A

Heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus

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2
Q

Mediastinum regions

A
  1. Superior
  2. Inferior
    - Anterior: Ventral superior above the heart
    - Middle: The heart
    - Posterior: (Dorsal and inferior regions)
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3
Q

Mediastinum inferior anterior region contents

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Pericardial sac
  3. The great vessels (superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary arteries, ascending aorta, and arch)
  4. Other major vessels (Brachiocephalic arteries and veins, subclavian arteries and veins, left common carotid artery)
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4
Q

Pericardium has which two layers

A
  1. The outer fibrous pericardium
  2. The inner serous pericardium
    - contains the parietal (outer) and visceral/epicardium (inner) layer with a cavity in between.

There is a cavity in between

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5
Q

The ___ is the outermost layer of the heart

A

Epicardium

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6
Q

3 heart wall layers from outer to inner

A 
Outer
1. Epicardium (Innermost layer of serious pericardium) 
2. Myocardium (+cardiac muscle) 
3. Endocardium (+Endothelium) 
Inner
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7
Q

The cardiac muscle is located in the ____ of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

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8
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • Woven appearance
  • Central nuclei (single or bi-nucleated)
  • Striated structure
  • Fiber ends branch longitudinally
  • Intercalated discs allow rapid conduction of depolarization
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9
Q

Two sulci of the heart

A
  1. Inter-ventricular sulcus
    - Anterior groove from apex to base of ventricles. Separates ventricles.
  2. Coronary Sulci (right and left)
    - Groove at base of ventricles. Separates atria from the ventricles.
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10
Q

Crista terminalis are

A

Insertions for pectinate muscles

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11
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Help contract atrium into ventricle. Comb-like appearance due to bulging myocardial sinus.

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12
Q

Fossa ovalis on right side of the heart

A
  • Depression in results
  • Opening in kids that lead to L atrium. Because baby receives oxygenated blood from mom. Blood bypasses traveling to the lungs since it already is oxygenated. Shortly after birth, the hole closes.
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13
Q

Role of cord tendinae and papillary muscles

A

Papillary muscles are at the end of chord tendinae. Help keep valves closed.

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14
Q

Trabecular carnae

A

Mesh-like. Different layers used to enhance contraction. More pronounced in R ventricle since there is more muscle in the L ventricle that takes up space.

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15
Q

Trabecular carnae is located more in which side of the heart

A

Located more on the R side ventricle.

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16
Q

Moderator band is located in which side of the heart

A

Only in the R ventricle. Medial to lateral wall.

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17
Q

What is the moderator band

A

Found in the R ventricle only. Courses from the medial to lateral wall. Shortcut for circutry to reach the lateral wall.

18
Q

As the aortic semilunar valve opens,. the ___ valve closes

A

Mitral

19
Q

What two branches come off the ascending aorta?

A

The right and left main coronary arteries

20
Q

Branches off the left coronary artery (2)

A

LAC

  • Left coronary artery
    1. Anterior inter ventricular
    2. Circumflex branch (within coronary sulcus)
21
Q

Branches off the right coronary artery (2)

A

Right coronary artery:

  1. posterior inter ventricular
  2. Marginal (supplies blood to the lateral wall of R ventricle)
22
Q

Cardiac conduction is initiated by the

A

SA (sinoatrial node). This triggers heart contraction. Located in the upper part of the right atria.

23
Q

After the SA node fires, where does the signal travel to?

A

The AV node. Located in the wall between the right atria and the ventricle.

24
Q

What is the AV node responsible for?

A

Responsible for conduction delays. Permits antra to empty before ventricles contract.

25
Q

Cardiac conductions from the SA node to

A 
SA
AV
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) 
Right left bundle
Purkinje Fibers found within the myocardium
26
Q

Purkinje fibers are located where and have which shape

A

Located in the myocardium of the heart wall. Fusiform shape.

27
Q

Cardiac innervation by which nerves? (3: sensory, parasympathetic and sympathetic)

A
  1. Sensory: Phrenic nerve (right and left) innervates the pericardium
  2. Parasympathetic: Autonomic control by the vagus nerve 3. Sympathetic: Autonomic control by the sympathetic trunk
28
Q

How to determine the difference between veins and arteries?

A

Veins have thicker adventitia compared to media and interna.

Arteries have relatively smaller adventitia relative to media.

29
Q

Hydrostatic pressure differences between arteries and veins

A

Hydrostatic pressure (outward pressure from inside the blood vessel) is higher in arteries than veins.

30
Q

Does hydrostatic pressure change? Does osmotic pressure change?

A

Hydrostatic pressure changes (higher in arteries, lower in veins) and osmotic pressure always stays the same.

31
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

External pressure. Pushing in on the outer walls of blood vessels.

32
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A 
Inner 
1. Tunic intima (interna) 
2. Tunica media 
3. Tunic adventitia (external) 
Outer
33
Q

3 layers of the tunic intima of blood vessels

A 
Inner
Endothelium 
Basal lamina 
Internal elastic lamina  
outer
34
Q

3 layers of the tunic media of blood vessels

A 
Inner
Elastic tissue
Smooth muscle
External elastic lamina 
Outer
35
Q

3 layers of the tunic adventitia of blood vessels

A 
Inner
Loose and fibrous CT
Blood vessels (vasa vasorum) 
adipose tissue
Outer
36
Q

Arteries have __ hydrostatic pressure and ___ resistance

A

High hydrostatic pressure

Low resistance

37
Q

Elastic arteries:

  1. Example
  2. Which tunic is thickest?
  3. Branches into which type of arteries?
A
  1. Aorta
  2. Thickest tunica media wall (muscles)
  3. Branches into muscular arteries
38
Q

Do arterioles have high or low resistance?

A

High

39
Q

Do veins have high or low resistance?

A

Low

40
Q

Net pressures on the arterial side and the venous side?

A

10 mmHg hydrostatic pressure in arteries

5mmHg osmotic pressure in veins.

AHP II (11 decks)

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