Abdomen

Question 1

Boundaries of the abdomen

Answer 1

Superior: Limited by the diaphragm
Lateral/anterior: Abdominal muscles
Posterior wall: Thoracic and lumbar spine
Inferior: communication with pelvic cavity.

Question 2

The abdomen houses and protects which three major visceral organs?

Answer 2

GI tract, spleen, and portion of urinary system

Question 3

4 quadrant system and 9 quadrant system of the abdomen

Answer 3

4- Right and left upper, Right and left lower
9:
Top row: Right and left hypocondrium (below cartilage) and epigastric region in the top center
Middle row: Right and left flank and umbilical region
Lower row: Right and left groin, pubic region

Question 4

what is peritoneum?

Answer 4

Serous membrane lining abdominal cavity comprising a supportive layer of connective tissue. The two continuous layers (visceral envelopes organs and parietal lines the inner abdominal wall) create a peritoneal cavity lined with mesothelium and containing small amounts of fluid called peritoneal fluid.

Question 5

Peritoneal structures that connect organs to the abdominal wall

Answer 5

Mesenteries.

Extensions of peritoneum from the abdominal wall to certain abdominal organs.
Organs suspended by a mesentery are mobile.
Conveys vasculature and nerves to/from peritoneal organs within abdomen.

Without mesenteries, organs would fall or not stay in place.

Question 6

Are organs suspended by mesenteries mobile or immobile?

Answer 6

Mobile. Allows small movements such as the stomach churning.

Question 7

What do this formations connect? What type of tissue?

1. Omenta
2. Mesenteries
3. Ligaments

Answer 7

1. Organ to organ. Dense irregular.
2. Organ to abdominal wall. Dense regular.
3. Organ to abdominal wall OR organ to organ. Dense regular.

Question 8

The lesser and greater omentum connect what?

Answer 8

Lesser: Connects the liver, duodenum and lesser curvature of this stomach.

Greater: Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and to the transverse colon.

Question 9

Coronary ligament connects what to what

Answer 9

Connects the liver to the diaphragm.

side note- lots of ligaments on the liver. Needs to stay in place

Question 10

Bet on all GI tract organs being in what part of the peritoneum? (intra, Petra, or sub?)

Answer 10

Intra. Outer surface of organs are comprised of visceral peritoneum aka serosa. Organs are suspended in mesentery and mobile.

Question 11

Difference between intraperionteneal organs and retroperitoneal organs

Answer 11

Intraperitoneal organs are suspended by mesentery and are mobile. Outer surface of these organs are comprised of visceral peritoneum aka serosa.

Retro organs are NOT suspended by mesentery and are IMMOBILE. These organs lie between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall.

Question 12

Which organs are supplied by unpaired visceral arteries?

Answer 12

Visceral branches supplying the abdomen such as the celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric. Blood must travel through portal system (through the liver) in order to make it back to the heart.

Question 13

Three regions of the gut. Which organs are in each region and what artery supplies each?

Answer 13

1. Foregut. Arterial supply by the celiac trunk.
   Contains the liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, and pancreas.
2. Midgut. Arterial supply by the superior mesenteric.
   Contains the small intestine, appendix, and part of the colon (ascending and proximal transverse)
3. Hindgut. Arterial supply by the inferior mesenteric.
   Contains part of the colon (distal transverse, descending, and sigmoid) and the rectum.

Question 14

The common hepatic artery branches into which three arteries?

Answer 14

The right gastric, hepatic proper, and gastroduodenal

Question 15

The celiac trunk branches into which arteries to supply the foregut?

Answer 15

The celiac branches into the left gastric, the splenic, and the common hepatic.

The left gastric is the smallest and supplies the stomach. The splenic is the largest, and supplies the spleen, tail of pancreas, and stomach.
The common hepatic branches into the right gastric, the hepatic proper, and the gastroduodenal.

Question 16

The duodenum can receive blood from which two arteries?

Answer 16

Either the superior mesenteric or one of the branches off the celiac trunk. (Same with the pancreas)

Question 17

Where does the inferior mesenteric artery branch off the abdominal aorta at?

Answer 17

L3

Question 18

Two abdominal venous systems

Answer 18

1. Renal + pelvis + lower limbs –> inferior vena cava.
   Includes all urinary organs, genital organs, suprarenal glands, abdominal walls, pelvis, and lower limbs.
2. Portal circulation. Passes through the liver. GI organs, + spleen –> hepatic portal vein –> liver –> hepatic vein –> inferior vena cava
   includes all hollow and solid organs. Hollow organs include the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
   Solid organs include the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and spleen.

Question 19

Which two organ types pass through the portal system?

Answer 19

The hollow and solid organs.

Hollow organs include the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Solid organs include the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and spleen.

Question 20

Main veins of the venous circulation of the abdomen.

Answer 20

Most are paired, including the common iliac, renal, and hepatic vein. The paired aortic branches drain into the inferior vena cava.

The median sacral vein is the only unpaired one that supplies the abdomen region.

Question 21

The hepatic portal vein is formed by which two veins

Answer 21

The splenic vein and superior mesenteric.

The hepatic portal vein carries venous blood from all of the digestive organs and the spleen to the liver. From the liver, venous blood now returns the heart via the hepatic veins, which drains into the IVC.

Question 22

Parasympathetic innervation of the abdomen

Answer 22

Vagus innverates the stomach and proximal transverse colon.

Pelvic spanchnic innervates the distal transverse colon and rectum.

Question 23

Sympathetic innervation of the abdomen (what are the 3 main ganglia?)

Answer 23

The three main ganglia are the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric.

Question 24

Lymphatic drainage of the abdomen and lower limbs pass through many lymph nodes before draining into the

Answer 24

Cisterna chyli. Cisterna chili then passes into the thoracic duct.

Question 25

Thoracic duct drains lymph from which areas of the body? What its he other major duct that drains the rest?

Answer 25

Below the diaphragm and above the diaphragm on the left side (left of the left subclavian vein)

The right lymphatic duct drains from the upper right quadrant of the body.