urinary system

Question 1

organs of the urinary system

Answer 1

kidney. bladder. ureter . urthra

Question 2

the kidneys filter about __ of cardiac output

Answer 2

20%

Question 3

125 ml/min of blood are filtered by the kidneys but only __% goes to bladder

Answer 3

1%

Question 4

podocytes

Answer 4

pedicels/foot processes

Question 5

components of the filtration barrier

Answer 5

Filtration slits
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
Type IV collagen
Podocalyxin

Question 6

mesangial cells

Answer 6

take up glomerular basal lamina material for turnover and phagocytise Ig trapped in basal lamina .
contract and regulate glomerular filtration by controlling blood flow through capillaries

Question 7

cytoskeletal contractile proteins

Answer 7

modify blood flow through glomerular capillaries by contracting mesangial cells

Question 8

angiotensin 2

Answer 8

bind to receptor to stimulate mesangial cells
Acts directly upon blood vessels to increase vasoconstriction and arterial pressure.
Stimulates secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

Question 9

Aldosterone

Answer 9

Aldosterone acts upon the kidney to improve retention of sodium

Question 10

endothelin

Answer 10

protein: vasoconstriction of efferent and afferent arterioles

Question 11

Podocalyxin

Answer 11

Podocalyxin in maintaining foot processes

Question 12

proximal tubule features

Answer 12

simple cuboidal
apical tubulovesicles
basally locatated mitochondria

Question 13

proximal tubule function

Answer 13

microvilli absorb water sodium , glucose, and a.a.

tubulovesicles capture peptides for degradation in lysosomes

Question 14

megalin

Answer 14

protein that binds peptides in the proximal tubules

Question 15

describe main action that happens in the loop of henle

Answer 15

sodium is actively transported out og ascending loop and establishes a concentration gradient in the interstitium

Question 16

High osmolarity will cause?

Answer 16

High osmolarity DOES cause water to leave collecting ducts, but only when collecting ducts are made permeable to water

Question 17

dark and light cells in the collecting duct

Answer 17

Light (principal) cells have single cilium

Dark (intercalated) Cells have many apical folds in the plasma membrane and they transport bicarbonate or H+.. controlling pH

Question 18

__ + __ = Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 18

The macula densa + juxtaglomerular cells = Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 19

ADH

Answer 19

alters the function and distribution of aquaporin 2 which adjust the permeability to H2O in collecting ducts

Question 20

JG cells are activated by __ and release __

Answer 20

macula densa

renin

Question 21

macula cells

Answer 21

monitor sodium and Cl levels

Question 22

renin is secrreted when

Answer 22

Na and Cl levels drop

Question 23

Erythropoietin is produced by

Answer 23

peritubular firbroblast of the kidney

Question 24

Erythropoietin

Answer 24

stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow

Question 25

polycystic disease

Answer 25

Characterized by outgrowths from normal tubules that enlarge into huge, fluid-filled cysts

Question 26

what can cause cyst on tubules

Answer 26

missing or abnormal cilia

Question 27

uteric buds stimulate

Answer 27

condensation of the metenephric mesenchymal cells that differentiate into hollow epithelial structures that form bowmanns capsule and tubules