liver exocrine and gall bladder

Question 1

gilsson’s capsule

Answer 1

A layer of connective tissue surrounding the liver and ensheathing the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile ducts within the liver (also called the hepatobiliary capsule).

Question 2

a.hepatic lobule vs b.portal lobule

Answer 2

a. drains blood from portal vein and hepatic a to hepatic or central v
b. drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct

Question 3

hepatic acinus

Answer 3

supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes

Question 4

acinus in the liver refers to

Answer 4

Clump of parenchyma vascularized by single term branch of portal v and hepatic a

Question 5

blood flow from the portal triads

Answer 5

Blood flows from portal triads to central vein (terminal hepatic venule), to sublobular vein, > collecting vein, > hepatic veins, > inferior vena cavae

Question 6

acinar zone 1

Answer 6

The periportal hepatocytes mediate amino acid and energy metabolism, lipid oxidation and gluconeogenesis.
are the first to receive oxygen, nutrients and toxins from sinusoidal blood. First hepatocytes affected by viral hepatitis. High enzyme and oxygen content.

Question 7

acinar zone 2

Answer 7

intermediate

Question 8

acinar zone 3

Answer 8

glycolysis, lipogenesis and glutamine synthase are mediated by centrilobular hepatocytes.

centrilobular, low oxygen, cells are first affected by ischemia and alcoholic hepatitis and are most susceptible to toxic injury. Fat is

Question 9

sinusoids

Answer 9

serves as a location for mixing of oxygen rich blood from the hepatic artery and the nutrient rich blood from the portal vein.

Question 10

Basolateral surface of hepatocyte faces __, and apical surfaces face __

Answer 10

sinusoids

bile canaliculi

Question 11

glut 1

Answer 11

blood. blood brain barrier

Question 12

glut 2

Answer 12

liver, pancreas and S.I

Question 13

Glut 3

Answer 13

brain neurons and sperm

Question 14

glut 4

Answer 14

skeletal m, adipose tissue and heart

Question 15

liver function

Answer 15

It produces most of the circulating plasma proteins (albumins, VLDL, glycoproteins and fibrinogen).
It stores and converts several vitamins (A, D and K) and iron.
It degrades drugs and toxins by oxidation then conjugation.

Question 16

Enzymes of SER

Answer 16

Syntheses lipids, oils, phospholipids, steroids and sex hormones
Hydrolysis of glycogen into glucose (in liver)
Detoxification of drugs and poisons (in liver)
Pumps calcium ions for muscle function

Question 17

bile components ?

Answer 17

bile salts, cholesterol, IgA, Steroids

Question 18

principle bile salts ?

Answer 18

cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid

absorption and digestion of fats

Question 19

micelles are made of

Answer 19

cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid

Question 20

Canals of Hering

Answer 20

Canals of Hering which are found around the limiting plate also contain hepatic stem cells, which represent the source of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.

Question 21

enterohepatic circulation

Answer 21

the circulation of bile acids, or other substances from the liver to the gallbladder, followed by secretion onto the small intestine, absorption by intestinal enterocytes and transport back to the liver.

Question 22

bile canaliculi

Answer 22

spaces present between plasma membrane of adjacent liver cells

Question 23

Kupffer cells

Answer 23

Kupffer cells continuously sample the blood travelling through the sinusoids, phagocytosing antigens, microorganisms and damaged red blood cells.

Question 24

Space of Disse (perisinusoidal space)

Answer 24

Space between hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells… ito cells are here

Question 25

Ito (stellate cells)

Answer 25

Contain actin and myosin and contract in response to endothelin and substance P
Contribute to regulate the diameter of the sinusoid and hence regulate blood flow
Fat storing cell and vitamin A

Question 26

what happens to ito cells i pathological conditions

Answer 26

they change into myofibroblast that secrete type one collagen which can cause fibrosis leading to cirrhosis of the liver

Question 27

zymogen granules

Answer 27

secretory granules found in the apex

Question 28

secretin

Answer 28

makios liver secrete bile more rapidly

Question 29

bile enters into bile duct via what hormone

Answer 29

Bile empties to common bile duct under hormonal stimulation (cholecystokinin).

Question 30

Conjugated bile acids inhibit ??

Answer 30

Conjugated bile acids inhibit the growth of bacteria in the small intestine