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MD2001 Week 5 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location of the kidneys?

A
  • one on each side
  • posterior to abdominal wall
  • high up under diaphragm
  • retroperitoneal
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2
Q

What encapsulates the kidneys?

A

layers of fascia and fairly firm renal fat

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3
Q

What is the cortex of the kidney?

A

outer portion of the kidney

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4
Q

What is the medulla of the kidney?

A

the inner part of the kidney - split into renal pyramids

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5
Q

What transports urine to the bladder?

A

ureter

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6
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron - initial filtrate and final urine produced

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7
Q

What are the 5 parts of the nephron?

A
  • glomerulus (renal corpuscle)
  • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • loop of Henlé (descending and ascending)
  • distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • collecting duct
    look up image
    (glomerulus - blood filtration part
    renal tubule - filtrate recovery part)
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8
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A
  • juxtamedullary

- superficial

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9
Q

What are the features/function of the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A
  • concentrate urine
  • glomeruli in inner cortical regions - long nephron loops
  • deeper in medulla of kidney
  • associated with vascular structure - vasa recta
  • receive about 10% of renal supply
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10
Q

What are the features/function of the superficial nephrons?

A
  • reabsorb large % of fluid that filters from vasculature
  • glomeruli in outer cortical regions - short nephron loops
  • sit more superficially
  • receive about 90% of renal supply
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11
Q

What is the location of the ureter in females?

A
  • passes posterior to ovary
  • passes lateral to cervix and vagina
    (into bladder)
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12
Q

What is the location the urethra in males?

A
  • passes through prostate and into panic (from bladder)
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13
Q

What are the walls of the ureters and bladder made of?

A
  • muscular walls - smooth and involuntary
  • transitional endothelium to allow distension (rounded and piled on top of each other - flatten and spread out to cope with distension)
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14
Q

What controls the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle
- fills by relaxation of muscular wall
- empty by muscular contraction - aided by raised inna-abdominal pressure
- muscle is smooth and involuntary
but,
- external sphincter around urethra is stated and under voluntary control

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15
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  • excretory
  • cleanses blood of metabolic end products, toxins, water, ions - that may be surplus - maintains “homeostasis”
  • also an endocrine and homeostatic organ - controls blood pressure, tissue osmolality, electrolyte levels
  • monitor and affect acid/base balance
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16
Q

How does blood filtration occur in the kidney?

A

blood is forced under pressure through a glomerular filtration barrier to separate plasma from cells and proteins

17
Q

How do the kidneys maintain blood/body homeostasis?

A

via production of urine - ie. removal of excess water, electrolytes, toxic metabolic waste (urea, creatinine) from circulating blood

18
Q

How do the kidneys monitor and affectacid/base balance?

A
  • excrete hydrogen ions during acidosis or

- bicarbonate ions during alkalosis

19
Q

Why do the kidneys secrete renin?

A
  • indirectly raises blood pressure
20
Q

Why do kidneys secrete erythropoietin?

A
  • accelerates red blood cell production
21
Q

What conducts urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

ureters

22
Q

What is used for the passage of urine out of the body?

A

urethra

23
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

the process that moves solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream
(reabsorbed - because they were already absorbed in the digestive tract after a meal)

24
Q

What are the steps of reabsorption?

A
  • passive or active movement of water and dissolved substances from the fluid inside the tubule through the tubule wall into the space outside
  • then, water and these substances move through the capillary walls back into the bloodstream either by passive or active transport
  • (channels and transporters aid the passage)
25
Q

What are the walls of the nephron made of?

A
  • cuboidal epithelial cells - single layer
  • covered in microvilli facing lumen - to increase surface area
  • these cells are densely packed with mitochondria to aid in active transport
  • junctions between cells are leaky to maximise free flow of water and dissolved solutes
26
Q

What returns reabsorbed fluid to the vasculature?

A

the peritubular network

27
Q

What is urination known as?

A

micturition

28
Q

Describe micturition?

A
  • no modification of urine on route to bladder or in bladder

- urine is produced constantly and stored in bladder until micturition

29
Q

What is the bladder’s capacity?

A

about 500ml

30
Q

What prevents urinary reflux into the ureters?

A
  • valve
31
Q

What prevents urinary outflow via the urethra?

A

inner and outer sphincters

  • inner sphincter and bladder contraction controlled by spinal reflexes and CNS
  • outer sphincter under voluntary control
32
Q

How does bladder emptying work?

A
  • bladder filling stretches muscular wall - this initiates a spinal micturition reflex
  • the reflex causes parasympathetic motor efferents to stimulate bladder contraction
  • emptying is prevented by the CNS until the outer sphincter is relaxed voluntarily
33
Q

What channels formed urine into ureters?

A

renal calyces and renal sinus

MD2001 Week 5 (10 decks)

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