Classification of disease Flashcards
Define disease?
- A disorder of structur or function in a human -
- especially one that introduces specific symptoms that effects a specific location
- is not simply a direct result of physical injury
What are the characteristics of disease?
- aetiology (causE)
- pathogenesis (mechanism - damage, inflamation…)
- manifestations - clinical, morphological, functional - symptom and signs
- complications
- outcome
- epidemiology
How do we identify the causes of disease?
- probability of disease
- host predisposition
- cause v agent
- causal associations
- Koch’s postulates
What is problematic about Koch’s postulates?
(add bug get disease - remove bug get rid of disease)
doesn’t explain diseases such as cancer
What are possible causes (aetiology) of disease?
- genetic
- environmental - infection, chemicals, radiation, mechanical trauma
- combination (multifactorial)
- unknown - primary essential, idiopathic, spontaneous, cryptogenic)
What is pathogenesis?
mechanism by which cause produces disease
- 8 processes eg. inflammation, degeneration, carcinogenesis, immune
- came aetiology may lead to different pathological endpoints - same endpoint may reflect different aetiology
What can manifestations be?
- structural - loss of healthy tissue, lesions, obstruction of tube, rupture
- funcional - impaired nerve/muscle conduct, excessive/insufficient secretion of cell product
What is a syndrome?
- bunch of symptoms that occur together
- many diseases can cause the same syndrome
What is a disease?
specific things - mechanisms cause the symptoms
How can we classify disease?
- prognosis
- treatment
- prediction
How is cancer classified?
staging issued TNM staging system T - primary tumour N - regional lymph nodes M - distant metastasis
What is epidemiology?
the study of disease in populations
- incidence, prevalence, remission, mortality
affected by - age, time, geography, socio-economic factors, occupational factors
What is incidence?
new occurrences of disease
What is prevalence?
number of people at any given time with disease
What is 4P medicine?
personalised, predictive, participatory, preventive - stratified medicine - personalised medicine - precision medicine (not just biological - lifestyle)
