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MD2001 Week 5 > Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Are viruses extracellular or intracellular pathogens?

A

intracellular pathogens

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2
Q

What are the bodies defence mechanisms?

A

Innate (first line of defence)

Adaptive (second line of defence)

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3
Q

What are the features of the innate immune system?

A
  • activated immediately by pathogens
  • non-specific
  • acts fast
  • physical barriers, defence mechanisms (biochemical), general immune responses (immune cells)
  • first line of defence
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4
Q

What do physical barriers include?

A

skin, go tract, cilia, hair …

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5
Q

What do defence mechanisms include (biochemical)?

A

secretions, mucous, bile …

low pH, lysosomes (enzymes that damage cell wall of bacteria)

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6
Q

What do general immune responses include?

A
  • inflammation - increased blood flow so more cells to area
  • complement - immune response that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbes and damaged cells, promotes inflammation and attacks pathogen membrane
  • non specific cell responses
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7
Q

What do the non specific cell response cells include?

A
  • phagocytes
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • neutrophils
  • natural killer cells
  • dendritic cells
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8
Q

What are the features of the adaptive immune system?

A
  • activated by exposure to pathogens and uses immunological memory to enhance immune response
  • slower
  • specific
  • generates memory
  • improved by further exposure
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9
Q

What type of cell are used in the adaptive immune system?

A

lymphocytes
- b cells
- T cells
derived from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

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10
Q

Phagocytes?

A

circulate the body looking for potential threats to engulf and kill

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11
Q

Macrophages?

A

can leave circulatory system across capillaries - to release cytokines to signal and recruit other cells to the area with pathogens
(in blood stream called monocytes in tissues become macrophages)

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12
Q

Mast cells?

A

release cytokines and granules to create an inflammatory cascade

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13
Q

Neutrophils?

A

phagocytic, granulocyte, toxic to bacteria and fungi

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14
Q

Natural killer cells?

A

destroy infected host cells instead of pathogen themselves

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15
Q

How does inflamation aid in immune responses?

A

increased blood flow to the area encourages more immune cells to the area

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16
Q

How does phagocytosis occur?

A

phagocyte engulfs pathogen and forms a phagosome
lysosome damages and digests the pathogen
the microbial products are released

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17
Q

What does lysine contain to make it toxic to bacteria?

A
  • free radicals
  • enzymes
  • breaks down cell wall of bacteria
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18
Q

What are the chemical mediators of the immune system?

A
  • acute phase proteins
  • complement proteins
  • interferons
  • cytokines
19
Q

What are cytokines?

A

a substance that is secreted by certain immune cells and have an effect on other cells

20
Q

What is CRP?

A
  • blood test marker for inflammation in the body
  • leves rise due to inflammation
  • responds rapidly - early indicator
21
Q

What is the complement system?

A

part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane - helps with opsonization

22
Q

What is opsonin?

A

substance that coats cell/bacteria making them more susceptible to phagocytosis

23
Q

What is opsonization?

A

process of coating cell/bacteria with an opsonin

24
Q

What are interferons?

A

a group of signalling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens and tumour cells

25
Q

What are the functions of interferons?

A
  • tell immune system that germs or cancer cells are in the body
  • trigger killer immune cells to fight invaders
  • interfere with viruses to stop them multiplying
26
Q

What are the types of interferon?

A

INFa
INFb
INFy

27
Q

What is the function of INFa and INFb?

A

induce viral resistance in cells - make neighbouring cells to infected cell a more hostile environment for the virus
- can be secreted by many types of infected cells including leucocytes and fibroblasts

28
Q

What is the function of INFy?

A

signal the immune system to respond

- secreted by natural killer cells and T lymphocytes

29
Q

How do interferons work?

A

infected cells give of INFa and INFb as a warning signal to the immune system - triggering white blood cells to release INFy

30
Q

Lifecycle of a virus?

A
  • virus infects cell
  • viral replication
  • produces new viral proteins and secretes them which may kill cell
31
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

32
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Anantibody(Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

33
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody?

A
  • y-shaped

- specific binding sites

34
Q

Compliment and antibody together is very effective

A

-

35
Q

What happens the second time the immune system is exposed to a pathogen?

A

“secondary response” due to immunological memory

- similar response but stronger and faster

36
Q

How does the tetanus vaccination work?

A

“artificial active immunity”

- dead/weakened version of the disease enters the body which results in the production of antibodies

37
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

fully differentiated B-lymphocyte which produces a single type of antibody

38
Q

What causes autoimmune diseases?

A

antibodies bind to the body own cells and not pathogens - this causes the lysis of cells

39
Q

Why are babies not rejected in the womb?

A

in pregnancy oestrogen inhibits T cells which could reject the foetus

40
Q

What are IgG and IgA?

A

IgG (immunoglobulin)- main antibody found in blood and extracellular fluid
IgA - role in infection control of mucous membranes

41
Q

When does the immune system fail?

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • immunodeficiency
  • autoimmunity
42
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

allergic reaction

- histamine is activated

43
Q

What is immunodeficiency?

A
  • repeated infections
  • lacking a specific immune response
  • certain drugs can induce this - strong steroids, chemotherapy
44
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A
  • immune system reacting to itself - loss of tolerance
  • response can be antibody or cell mediated
  • rheumatoid arthiritus, type 1 diabetes

MD2001 Week 5 (10 decks)

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