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MD2001 Week 5 > Responses to cell and tissue injury > Flashcards

Responses to cell and tissue injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is an acute cell injury?

A

when the environmental changes exceed cells capability to maintain normal homeostasis

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2
Q

What is sublethal injury?

A

damage is caused to cell but no death

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3
Q

What are the types of sublethal injury?

A
  • hydropic change

- fatty change

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4
Q

WHat are the types of irreversible cell injury?

A
  • necrosis

- apoptosis

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5
Q

What are the types of irreversible cell injury?

A
  • necrosis

- apoptosis

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6
Q

What is hydropic change?

A
  • accumulation of water in the cell

- early sign of cellular degeneration

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7
Q

What is fatty change?

A

“steatosis”

- abnormal retention of lipids in a cell

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8
Q

What is oncosis?

A

Oncosis refers to a series of cellular reactions following injury that precedes cell death. -non-apoptopic

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9
Q

What is necrosis?

A

cell death following bioenergetic failure and loss of plasma membrane integrity
- induces inflammation and repair

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10
Q

What is apoptosis?

A
  • the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organisms growth or development
  • breaks up into tiny fragments
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11
Q

What does reduced apoptosis result in?

A

cells don’t die when they should - cancer

  • neoplasia
  • autoimmune disease
  • virus infection
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12
Q

What does increased apoptosis result in?

A

neurodegenerative disorders

HIV infection of T lymphocytes

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13
Q

What causes apoptosis and necrosis?

A

a- physiological or pathological

n - pathological

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14
Q

What does apoptosis and necrosis effect?

A

a - single cells

n - cell groups

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15
Q

What happens in apoptosis and necrosis?

A

a - energy dependent fragmentation of DNA

n - abnormal ion homeostasis

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16
Q

What happens to the cell membrane integrity in apoptosis and necrosis?

A

a - maintained

n - lost

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17
Q

What happens to the morphology of cells in apoptosis and necrosis?

A

a - cell shrinkage and fragmentation

n - cell swelling and lysis

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18
Q

What is the inflammatory response of apoptosis and necrosis?

A

a - none

n - usual

19
Q

What is the fate of dead cells in apoptosis and necrosis?

A

a - phagocytosed by neighbouring cells

n - phagocytosed by inflammatory cells

20
Q

Coagulative necrosis?

A

coagulation of cellular proteins

  • commonest type
  • inflammatory response
  • initially firm but later soft
21
Q

Colliquative necrosis?

A

liquidfication of tissue

22
Q

Caseous necrosis?

A

tissue becomes cheese like

- tuberculosis

23
Q

Gangrenous necrosis?

A

necrosis with putrefaction

- wet and dry forms

24
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis?

A

accumulation of material in tissue with tissue similar to fibrin

25
Q

Pyroptosis?

A

part apoptosis but then necrosis

26
Q

What happens after cell injury?

A
  • death
  • healing - complete resolution
  • repair - second best option
27
Q

Labile tissues?

A

continuously dividing tissues

- blood, skin, gut

28
Q

Stable tissues?

A

only divide when needed - after injury potential for complete repair
- liver, kidney

29
Q

Permanent tissues?

A

limited capacity to restore -scar

30
Q

What are factors favouring resolution?

A
  • minimal cell death and tissue damage
  • occurrence in an organ or tissue with regenerative capacity
  • rapid destruction of the casual agent
  • rapid removal of fluid and debris by good local vascular drainage
31
Q

What is organisation?

A 
repair of specialised tissue by formation of a scar
involves:
- formation of granulation tissue
- removal of dead tissue by phagocytosis
- wound contraction and scarring
32
Q

What factors favour organisation?

A
  • large amounts of fibrin
  • substancial necrosis
  • exudate and debris cannot be removed or discharged
33
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A 
an intermediate substance
- loops of capillaries
- myofibroblasts
- collagen
- inflammatory cells
organised by deposition of collagen and contraction
34
Q

What is healing by first intention?

A
  • course in wounds with edges close together
  • healing usually faster than healing by secondary intention
  • end result 0 return to function and minimal scarring
35
Q

What is healing by second intention?

A

sides of wound are not opposed so the healing must occur from the bottom of the wound upwards
- wound contraction reduces size of defect - presence of myoofibroblasts

36
Q

What are the stages of healing by first intention?

A

Haemostasis - haemotoma forms to prevent blood loss (platelets and cytokines)
Inflammation - removes any pathogens or cell debris
Proliferation - cytokines released by inflammatory response drive proliferation of fibroblasts and formation of granulation tissue
Remodelling - devascularisation occurs and the fibroblasts undergo apoptosis

37
Q

What are the stages of healing by second intention?

A

Haemostasis - large fibrin mesh fills the wound
Inflamation - debris and pathogens are removed - larger amount of debris present so inflammatory response is more severe
Proliferation - granulation tissue forms at the bottom of the wound
Remodelling - wound contraction can occur

38
Q

What are keloid scars?

A

excessive fibroblast proliferation and collagen production leads to a raised scar

39
Q

How does bone healing occur?

A
  • repair, remodelling, resolution
  • haemotoma at fracture site gives a framework for healing - replaced by fracture callus - replaced by lamellar bone - remodelled to restore normal trabecular pattern of bone
40
Q

How does healing in the liver occur?

A
  • necrosis, regeneration, fibrous scarring, architectural disruption
    chirrhosis - scarring of the liver
41
Q

What are the factors that influence wound healing?

A 
systemic 
- age
- nutrition
- metabolic status
- circulatory status
- hormones
Local
- infection
- mechanical factors
- foreign bodies
- size, location and type of wound
42
Q

What are the properties of an abnormal wound?

A
  • deficient scar formation - ulceration, dehiscence
  • excessive formation of repair components - keloid scar
  • formation of contractures
43
Q

What are the advantageous effects of scars?

A
  • provides a permanent patch

- allows surrounding tissues to continue to function

44
Q

What problems can scars cause?

A
  • cosmetic

- functional - site, size

MD2001 Week 5 (10 decks)

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