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Anatomy Lecture Exam #5 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of the urinary system?

A

remove waste from blood, production, storage and excretion of bile, blood volume regulation, regulation of erythrocyte production and pH balance

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2
Q

What two structures are associated with the urinary system?

A

kidneys and urinary tract

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3
Q

What is the location of the kidneys?

A

L at rib 12, and R 2cm lower than L

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4
Q

What are the four layers of the kidneys?

A

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, and paranephric fat

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5
Q

what is the function of the fibrous capsule?

A

shape and protection

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6
Q

What is the function of the perinephric fat layer?

A

cushion, insulation

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7
Q

What does the renal fascia do?

A

anchors kidneys

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8
Q

Where is paranephric fat found?

A

between renal fascia and peritonium

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9
Q

What are the regions of the kidneys?

A

renal cortex and renal medulla

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10
Q

What two structures are found in the renal medulla?

A

renal pyramids and renal columns

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11
Q

What is the corticomedullary junction?

A

cortex contact pyramids

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12
Q

What is renal papilla?

A

apex of pyramids

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13
Q

What is the flow of filtrate from kidneys?

A

sinuses to minor calyx to major calyx to renal pelvis to ureter

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14
Q

What are the 5 arteries the kidney gets blood from?

A

renal arteries, segmental arteries, interloper arteries, arcuate arteries and interlobular arteries

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15
Q

Where are the renal arteries found?

A

through hilum

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16
Q

Where do segmental arteries branch to?

A

different kidney regions

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17
Q

Where are interlobar arteries found?

A

in renal columns

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18
Q

Where are arcuate arteries found?

A

along corticomedullary junction

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19
Q

Where are interlobular arteries found?

A

in cortex

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20
Q

What do afferent arterioles supply blood to?

A

nephrons

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21
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

ball of capillaries, site of filtration

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22
Q

What do efferent arterioles do?

A

collect unfiltered blood

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23
Q

What do peritubular arteries follow?

A

renal tubules (cortex)

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24
Q

What does the vasa recta follow?

A

nephron loop

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25
Q

What is the function unit of the kidneys?

A

nephron

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26
Q

About how many nephrons are found in kidneys?

A

1.25 million in each kidney

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27
Q

What are the three processes of nephrons?

A

filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

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28
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption occur?

A

renal tubules to peritubular capillaries

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29
Q

Where does tubular secretion occur?

A

peritubular capillaries to renal tubules

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30
Q

What are the four regions of the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

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31
Q

What are the two types of nephrons and their abundance?

A

cortical nephrons (85%) and justamedullary nephrons (15%)

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32
Q

What are the regions of the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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33
Q

What is the vascular pole?

A

where arterioles enter and exit

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34
Q

What is the tubular pole?

A

tubular exit

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35
Q

What kind of capillaries are found in the glomerulus?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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36
Q

In the glomerular capsule, the visceral layer is a ___ membrane.

A

filtration

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37
Q

The filtration membrane has _______ and ____.

A

filtration slits and fenestrated capillaries

38
Q

What are filtration slits?

A

adjacent pedicels from podocytes

39
Q

what kind of cells make up the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

simple squamous

40
Q

What are the three layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

visceral layer, parietal layer and capsular space

41
Q

What is the function of proximal convoluted tubules?

A

reabsorb majority of nutrients and water to peritubular capillaries

42
Q

What cells are found in the proximal convoluted tubules?

A

simple cuboidal with tall microvilli

43
Q

What are the two regions of the nephron loop?

A

descending limb and ascending limb

44
Q

What does the descending limb reabsorb?

A

water

45
Q

What does the ascending limb reabsorb?

A

sodium and chloride

46
Q

What tissue is found in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

simple cuboidal with sparse microvilli

47
Q

What dos the distal convoluted tubule secrete?

A

potassium and hydrogen

48
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule reabsorb?

A

water

49
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

blood pressure regulation

50
Q

What are the two components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

51
Q

juxtaglomerular cells =

A

smooth muscle

52
Q

macular densa=

A

epithelial cells

53
Q

What are the three components of the urinary tract?

A

ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

54
Q

What are the ureters?

A

fibromusclar tube from renal pelvis to the posterolateral wall of the bladder

55
Q

What are the three layers of the ureters?

A

mucosa, muscular, and adventitia

56
Q

What is the mucosa layer of the ureters like?

A

folds of transitional epithelium

57
Q

What is the muscularis layer of the ureters used for? what are the layers of the muscularis layer called?

A

peristalsis; inner longitudinal and outer circular

58
Q

What tissue is the adventitia of the ureters made of?

A

external areolar CT

59
Q

What is the function of adventitia in the ureters?

A

anchors ureters to abdominal wall

60
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

reservoir for urine

61
Q

What is the location of the urinary bladder?

A

posterior to pubic symphysis (retro)

62
Q

What is the location of the bladder in males?

A

anterior to rectum, superior to prostate

63
Q

What is the location of the bladder in females?

A

anteroinferior to uterus, anterior to vagina

64
Q

What are the two features of the urinary bladder?

A

Median umbilical ligament and trigone

65
Q

What is the trigone in the urinary bladder?

A

funnel, 2 urethral and ureteral openings

66
Q

What does the median umbilical ligament do?

A

anchors

67
Q

In the urinary bladder, what is the mucosa layer made of?

A

transitional epithelium with rug

68
Q

In the urinary bladder, what does the submucosa layer do?

A

supports mucosa

69
Q

In the urinary bladder, what is the muscularis layer made of?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscles)

70
Q

In the urinary bladder, what is the adventitia made of?

A

areolar CT

71
Q

What is the urethra?

A

fibromuscular tube conducting urine from bladder to exterior

72
Q

What two features are found in the urethra?

A

internal and external urethral sphincter

73
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter made of?

A

thickening of detrusor muscles

74
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter made of?

A

skeletal muscle

75
Q

in a female, what is the urethra made of and what is the length?

A

stratified squamous and 3-5 cm

76
Q

in a female, how many functions does the urethra have?

A

one

77
Q

in a male, what does the urethra function in?

A

the urinary and reproductive systems

78
Q

What are the segments of the male urethra?

A

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and spongy urethra

79
Q

in males, of the three segments of the urethra, which is the most dilatable?

A

prostatic urethra

80
Q

What is the length of the prostatic urethra?

A

3-4 cm

81
Q

What tissue is found in the prostatic urethra?

A

transitional epithelium

82
Q

What feature is found near the prostatic urethra?

A

internal urethral sphincter

83
Q

in males, of the three segments of the urethra, what is the least dilatable?

A

membranous urethra

84
Q

of the three segments of the male urethra, which is the shortest?

A

membranous urethra

85
Q

What tissue is found in the membranous urethra?

A

stratified columnar

86
Q

What feature is found near the membranous urethra?

A

external urethral sphincter

87
Q

Where is the spongy urethra found?

A

within erectile tissue

88
Q

What is the length of the spongy urethra?

A

15cm (longest)

89
Q

What tissue is found in the spongy urethra?

A

pseudo stratified columnar to stratified squamous

90
Q

What feature is found near the spongy urethra?

A

external urethral orifice

91
Q

What is the external urethral orifice?

A

opening of urethra

Anatomy Lecture Exam #5 (6 decks)

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