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Kin 1AA3 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

components of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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2
Q

blood supply to the kidneys

A

25% of total blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys at rest
- need such a large blood supply because the kidneys filter the plasma, returning most water and solutes to the bloodstream

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3
Q

functions of the kidneys

A 
excretion
regulation of blood volume and pressure
regulation of solute concentration in blood
regulation of pH
regulation of RBC synthesis
vitamin D synthesis
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4
Q

excretion as a function of the kidneys

A

urea
urobillin (a waste product from the heme group of RBC)
toxins
drugs and waste products

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5
Q

regulation of blood volume and pressure as a function of the kidneys

A

flow=pressure/resistance
so if you have a greater volume of blood, BP increases and causes flow to increase.
thus, when you decrease blood volume (by removing fluids) you also decrease BP

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6
Q

regulation of solute concentration in the blood as a function of the kidneys

A

regulates solute concentration of ions such as Na+, K+, Cl-

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7
Q

regulation of pH as a function of the kidneys

A

H+ ion balance is regulated in the kidneys

they work with the bicarbonate system to regulate blood pH

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8
Q

regulation of RBC synthesis as a function of the kidneys

A

erythropoietin, the hormone responsible for RBC synthesis, is produced in the kidney

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9
Q

vitamin D synthesis as a function of the kidneys

A

active form of vitamin D is created by kidneys and aids in calcium absorption from the gut into the blood

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10
Q

where are the kidneys found in the body

A
  • they are positioned above the wait
  • are retroperitoneal, protected by 11th and 12th floating ribs
  • right kidney is slightly lower than the left because the liver is located predominantly on the right side
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11
Q

3 layers of CT that surround the kidney

A

(superficial to deep)

  • peritoneum on anterior and lateral sides of kidney
    1. renal fascia
    2. adipose capsule
    3. renal capsule
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12
Q

renal fascia

A
  • most superficial layer around the kidney

dense irregular CT layer that connects the kidney to abdominal cavity and other organs on the abdominal wall

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13
Q

adipose capsule (CT layer around kidney)

A

middle layer of protection

  • might be thicker in obese people
  • surrounds entire kidney, cushions with essential fat
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14
Q

renal capsule

A

innermost layer of protection around the kidney

  • surrounding dense irregular CT that gives strength in many directions
  • maintains and gives kidney its bean shape and holds everything together
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15
Q

renal hilum

A

medial curved part of kidney where blood vessels and ureters enter/exit the kidney

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16
Q

renal cortex

A

the part of the kidney close to the outside

- some dips down towards hilum called the renal column

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17
Q

renal column

A

parts of renal cortex that dip down between pyramids

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18
Q

renal medulla

A

highly organized into pyramids that are cone shaped structures on the inside of the kidney (deep to cortex)

  • a person has 8-18 pyramids
  • larger portion is the base of the pyramid, apex is called the renal papilla
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19
Q

nephron

A

functional portion of the kidney where filtration happens

  • highly supplied with blood
  • long tube, most of it located in cortex, loop runs into medullary region
  • most filtrate produced in 1st portion of the nephron
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20
Q

path of urine drainage in the kidney

A

collecting duct > papillary duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder

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21
Q

renal lobe

A

functional unit of the kidney that produces urine, incl the cortex and medulla surrounding a pyramid

22
Q

blood supply of the kidney

A

renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > cortical radiate arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerular capillaries > efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries > cortical radiate veins > arcuate veins > interlobar veins > renal vein

23
Q

renal sinus

A

region where renal artery starts branching and smaller veins merge to become renal vein

24
Q

vasa recta

A

carries mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

- highly organized capillaries in medullary cavity surrounding the loop of Henle in the nephron

25
Q

glomerulus

A

a bunch of capillaries that form a ball/network where filtrate is produced when blood passes through (lots of surface area here)

  • pulls about 20% of plasma from blood
  • endothelial cells are fenestrated here
26
Q

parts of the nephron

A

2 parts:
renal corpuscle
renal tubule

27
Q

renal corpuscle

A
  • located in cortex, is the site of plasma filtration where glomerular filtrate is produced
  • includes the glomerulus, and Bowman’s (glomerular capsule which catches filtrate)
28
Q

renal tubule

A 
- conveyor belt idea where it picks and chooses what to keep and add
3 portions:
- proximal convoluted tubule
- nephron loop
- distal convoluted tubule
29
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

first part of renal tubule

  • located in cortex, comes off of renal corpuscle
  • very bendy, giving lots of SA
  • reabsorbs about 65% of what gets dumped into the tubule
30
Q

nephron loop

A

aka loop of Henle

- dips down into medulla and comes back into the cortex

31
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

last part of renal tubule

- bendy, also found in cortex

32
Q

collecting ducts

A

where distal convoluted tubules all join together

33
Q

papillary ducts

A

reach papillary region and drip urine into minor calyx

34
Q

types of nephrons

A

2 types:
cortical nephron
juxtamedullary nephron

35
Q

cortical nephron

A

80-85% of nephrons

  • most of nephron found in cortex
  • corpuscle is closer to CT outer part of cortex
  • shorter loop of Henle, with ascending and descending limbs of equal thickness
  • blood supply to the loop is via peritubular capillaries which aren’t very organized
36
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

15-20% of nephrons

  • means beside medullary region
  • corpuscle located near medulla in cortex close to the base of the pyramid
  • long nephron loop that runs from the base of pyramid to papilla and back again
  • loops ahs descending and thin (1st half) and thick (2nd half) ascending limbs
  • can produce dilute or concentrated urine dependant upon the concentration gradient that in generates
37
Q

podocytes

A

modified simple squamous cells that adhere to glomerulus

- have projections called pedicels which form a sieve like pattern for filtration

38
Q

pedicels

A

the projections on podocytes

39
Q

capsular space

A

where glomerular filtrate accumulates

40
Q

glomerular capillaries

A

arise from afferent arterioles and from a ball before emptying into the efferent arteriole
- the blood is essentially the same, just with 20% less plasma in it

41
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • structure where afferent arteriole make contact with the ascending limb of the nephron loop
  • helps regulate BP in kidneys
  • components include macula densa, and juxtaglomerular cells
42
Q

macula densa

A

thickened part of the ascending limb

  • monitor water and ion concentrations in filtrate
  • if we need to change this, they send a signal to juxtaglomerular cells when too much water is being release in the filtrate
43
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole which contract when they get a signal from the macula densa that we are losing too much fluids

44
Q

mesangial cells

A

are in contact with afferent and efferent arterioles and some are in contact with capillaries
- change SA of arterioles by constricting when losing too much fluids, thus less filtrate gets made

45
Q

layers of the filtration membrane and what they filter

A

3 layers:

  • fenestration of glomerular endothelial cell: filter RBC, WBC and platelets, allowing components of plasma to pass through
  • basal lamina of glomerulus: prevents filtration of large proteins
  • slit membrane b/w pedicels: prevents filtration of medium proteins
46
Q

cell type found in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

simple cuboidal with brush border microvilli

47
Q

cell type found in descending limb and thin ascending limb of nephron loop

A

simple squamous, allow free movement of things along their concentration gradients
- lots of water absorbed back into blood here

48
Q

cell type found in thick ascending limb of nephron loop

A

simple cuboidal to low columnar

- highly regulate what moves through

49
Q

cell type found in distal convoluted tubule (DCT) - only in the first part

A

simple cuboidal

- highly selective

50
Q

cell type found in last part of DCT and collecting duct

A

simple cuboidal and some specialized cells mixed in that are regulated by hormones (principal and intercalated cells)

51
Q

principal cells

A

help regulate pH

  • found in last part of DCT and CD
  • activity regulated by hormones
52
Q

intercalated cells

A

help regulate blood volume through movement of Na+, K+

  • found in last part of DCT and CD
  • activity regulated by hormones

Kin 1AA3 (11 decks)

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