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Kin 1AA3 > Digestive System part 1 > Flashcards

Digestive System part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

groups of organs that make up GI system

A

GI tract/gut tube

accessory organs

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2
Q

GI tract/gut tube

A

extends from mouth to anus and is 5-7m long folded up
includes:
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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3
Q

accessory organs

A

most aid in chemical breakdown of food and support GI system
includes:
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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4
Q

processes involved in digestion

A

ingestion
secretion: release of water, acid, buffers, enzymes
mixing/propulsion
digestion: mechanical and chemical
absorption: products from GI sys into blood and lymph
defecation

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5
Q

layers of GI tract (deep to superficial)

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscualris
serosa

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6
Q

mucosa

A

innermost layer, lines lumen
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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7
Q

histology of mucosa

epithelial layer

A
  • stratified squamous: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus
  • simple columnar: stomach and intestines, goblet cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
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8
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete hormones controlling organ function into blood supply from one end of the tube to the other

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9
Q

histology of mucosa

lamina propria

A
  • thin layer of loose areolar CT

- contains blood vessels (capillaries) and lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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10
Q

histology of mucosa

muscularis mucosae

A
  • thin layer of smooth muscle
  • causes folds to form in mucosal layer to increase SA
  • movements ensure that all absorptive cells are fully exposed to GI system contents
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11
Q

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

A

provides immune function if you eat something bad

- acts as a first line of defence

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12
Q

submucosa

A

consists of loose aerolar CT that contains blood vessels, glands and lymphatic tissue
- also contains submucosal plexus (enteric nervous system)

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13
Q

submucosal plexus

A

enteric nervous system

- motor portion stimulates mucosal secretions

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14
Q

muscularis

A

mostly smooth muscle, some skeletal muscle
contains myenteric plexus
- skeletal: in mouth, pharynx, upper/middle esophagus, external anal sphincter
- smooth: throughout the rest of the GI tract; inner circular and outer longitudinal fibers

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15
Q

myenteric plexus

A

controls motility, stimulates muscle layers to contract

- located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers

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16
Q

serosa

A

outermost layer

  • serous membrane (visceral peritoneum) reates pathway for blood vessels and nerves
  • consistes of aerolar CT covered with simple squamous epithelium
  • covers entire GI tract except esophagus
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17
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane in the abdominal cavity

  • visceral lauer covers organs, parietal layer lines walls of body cavity
  • peritoneal cavity is the space containing serous fluid
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18
Q

peritoneal folds

A

connections b/w organs or wall and an organ that hold things in place
- contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves that supply abdominal organs

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19
Q

major peritoneal folds

A 
greater omentum
lesser omentum
falciform ligament
mesentery
mesocolon
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20
Q

retroperitoneal

A

some rogans are behind the peritoneum and only have serous membrane on one side
include: kidneys, ascending/descending colon and pancreas

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21
Q

greater omentum

A

runs from stomach in front of abdominal cavity and folds and attaches to transverse colon (4 layers of serous membrane here are known as the fatty apron)

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22
Q

falciform ligament

A

runs from liver to anterior wall of abdominal cavity

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23
Q

lesser omentum

A

runs from stomach/duodenum to liver

- carries hepatic portal vein

24
Q

mesentery

A

runs from small intestine to posterior wall of abdominal cavity

25
Q

mesocolon

A

runs from transverse/sigmoid colon to posterior wall of abdominal cavity

26
Q

oral cavity proper

A

area b/w teeth and fauces

27
Q

hard palate

A

bone

forms most of the roof of the mouth

28
Q

soft palate

A

muscular and forms the rest (posterior) of the roof of the mouth

29
Q

uvula

A

prevents swallowed food from entering the nasal cavity

30
Q

cheek

A

stratified squamous epithelium protects abrasion

  • forms lateral wall of oral cavity
  • contains buccinator muscle that help old food and produce speech
31
Q

oral vestibule

A

the space b/w cheeks, lips, gums and teeth

32
Q

superior and inferior lips are called

A

superior and inferior labia

33
Q

gingivae

A

gums

cover sockets of teeth (alveolar processes) and helps anchor teeth

34
Q

superior labial frenulum

inferior labial frenulum

A

attaches superior lip to gum

attaches inferior lip to gum

35
Q

lingual frenulum

A
  • limits movement of tongue posteriorly and stops us from swallowing our tongue
  • helps with speech production
  • tongue tied: when your lingual frenulum is too short or too long and people can’t properly enunciate their words and interferes with nursing in babies
36
Q

tongue

A

forms floor of the mouth, manipulates food for chewing and swallowing, shapes food and senses taste

37
Q

teeth (starting and ending numbers)

A

start with 20 baby teeth

end with 32 adult teeth

38
Q

what types of teeth do we have and how many

A

incisors: front 4, chisel shaped, cut food
canines: points from cusps (have a single cusp that tears food)
premolars: 2/side, 2 cusps crush and grind food
molars: 3/side, 4 cusps grind food

39
Q

enamel

A

made of 95% calcium salts (strongest part of your body) and protects teeth from wear and treat
- makes teeth look white

40
Q

dentin

A

calcified CT makes up majority of tooth

  • calcified by hydroxyapatite (70% where would be 50% in bone)
  • is more yellow
41
Q

pulp cavity

A

contains pulp of tooth

CT containing nerves and blood vessels

42
Q

cementum

A

bone like substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligaments and forms gomphosis joint

43
Q

root canal

A

an extension of the pulp cavity that contains nerves and blood vessels

44
Q

periodontal ligaments

A

helps anchor the tooth to the underlying bone

45
Q

apical foramen

A

an opening at the base of a root canal through which blood vessels and nerves enter a tooth

46
Q

extrinsic muscles of the tongues

A

hypoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
genioglossus

47
Q

hypoglossus

A
  • inserts on hyoid and originates on side and bottom of tongue
48
Q

styloglossus

A
  • runs from side of tongue to styloid process

- elevates tongue and brings back into oral cavity

49
Q

palatoglossus

A
  • goes from hard/soft palate region and attaches to side of the tongue and brings soft palate and the back of the tongue together when you swallow
50
Q

genioglossus

A

goes from mandible and moves tongue anteriorly

- can also depress tongue

51
Q

types of external salivary glands (pairs)

A

partoid
submandibular
sublingual

52
Q

2 main types of salivary glands

A
  • glands within mucous membranes in the oral cavity
    and are named for the region where they’re located
  • glands located outside the mouth that produce saliva in larger amounts and deliver saliva to the oral cavity via ducts
53
Q

partoid glands

A

largest, located inferior and anterior to ear

- make very watery saliva and creates salivary amylase

54
Q

submandibular glands

A

beneath the base of the tongue

  • ducts lead to lingual phrenulum
  • has mucous added to saliva, makes it thicker
55
Q

siblingual glands

A

located superior to submandibular at the base of the mouth

- has a bunch of tiny ducts with very little amylase in it and has more mucous in it, making saliva thicker

56
Q

composition of saliva

A
  • 99.5% water
  • 0.5% solutes such as ions (Na, Cl, K),
    lysozyme (an enzyme that kills bacteria in the mouth) and
    IgA (immunoglobulin A that binds up any microbes that get into oral cavity)
  • salivary amylase: a digestive enzyme that breaks starch down to di- and trisaccharides as you chew food but becomes inactivated by stomach acid
57
Q

function of saliva

A
  • dissolves food for tasting
  • mucous lubricates food
  • Cl- activates salivary amylase
  • HCO3- buffers acidic foods (binds up H+ ions to buffer pH changes like the bicarbonate system in the blood)

Kin 1AA3 (11 decks)

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