Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kin 1AA3 > Female Reproductive > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

functions of female reproductive system

A
  1. ovaries produce secondary oocyte
  2. uterine tubes transport oocyte to uterus
  3. uterus is the site of implantation of fertilized ovum and dev’t of fetus and labour
  4. vagina is passageway for intercourse and childbirth
  5. mammary glands produce milk for newborn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ovaries

A

a pair of organs in the upper pelvic region about the size of almonds on either side of the uterus

  • produce the hormones estrogen, progesterone, inhibin and relaxin
  • produce gametes: secondary oocytes which mature into ova upon fertilization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

histology of ovaries

A

superficial to deep

  • germinal epithelium: squamous to low cuboidal
  • tunica albuginea: dense irregular CT outside of ovary
  • ovarian cortex: dense CT that contains follicles and stromal cells
  • ovarian medulla: blood/lymphatic vessels, nerves (all entering at hilum) and loose CT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stages of follicular dev’t

A 
primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
mature (graafian) follicle
ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

corpus luteum

A

remnant of the mature follicle

  • fills in with hormone secreting cells that help uterus develop and support more follicles developing
  • breaks down blood clot
  • stays for 2 weeks in unfertilized stage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

corpus albicans

A

a white scar tissue let behind after corpus luteum is not needed and is degraded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primordial follicle

A

all the follicles are primordial when a baby is born

  • has primary oocyte
  • stromal cells start to organize when cell begins to develop and make some CT
  • collagen fibers make up protein component of CT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

primary follicle

A

at puberty, follicles begin to develop

  • has primary oocyte
  • zona pellucida: glycoprotein layer around primary oocyte
  • granulosa cells: follicular cells multiply
  • theca folliculi: organized stromal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

secondary follicle

A

has primary oocyte

  • corona radiata: granulosa cells sticking to zona pellucida
  • antrum: cavity formed by granulosa cells secreting follicular fluid that grows as follicle matures
  • theca folliculi becomes 2 layers: theca externa and theca interna
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mature (graafian) follicle

A

primary oocyte still
- granulosa cells secrete inhibin which prevents all other follicles from developing further (they will degrade or wait until next year)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

theca interna vs theca externa

A

in secondary oocyte

interna: creates cuboidal calls that secrete estrogen which further stimulates maturation of follicle
externa: CT made of collagen fibers and stromal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inhibin

A
  • secreted by a mature and dominant follicle into bloodstream to prevent other follicles from also being released and maturing
  • secreted by luteal cells after ovulation has occurred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ovulation

A

just before ovulation, the primary oocyte becomes a secondary oocyte, the side of the ovary bulges outward and basement membrane breaks open and the oocyte gets released into the pelvic cavity
- granulosa and theca interna cells morph into a glandular strucutre: luteal cells merge into corpus luteum and produce progesterone, relaxin and inhibin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

uterine (fallopian) tubes

A
  • narrow 10cm long tubes that extend from ovary and open to uterine cavity
    3 regions: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

infundibulum region of uterine tube

A

funnel shaped 1st portion of uterine tube, nearest the ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fimbriae

A

found on the end of infundibulum region of uterine tube

- fingerlike projections that sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ampulla region of uterine tube

A

central region of the tube

  • covers majority of the length
  • fertilization usually occurs here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

isthmus region of uterine tube

A

= narrow area

- the narrowest part of the tube that joins the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

histology of uterine tubes

A

3 layers:

  • mucosa: ciliated simple columnar and peg cells (microvilli and secrete nutritious fluid)
  • muscularis: inner thick circular, outer thin longitudinal smooth muscle (for peristalsis)
  • serosa: outer serous membrane: visceral peritoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

function of uterine tubes

A

events occurring in the uterine tubes are as follows:

  1. fimbriae sweep oocyte into tube
  2. cilia and peristalsis move it along
  3. sperm reaches oocyte in ampulla and fertilization can occur within 24 hours after ovulation and zygote reaches uterus in 6-7 days (blastocyst implants)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

uterus

A

site of menstruation and development of fetus
- 7.5cm long by 5cm wide and 2.5 cm thick bc very muscular
3 regions: fundus, body and cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

uterine fundus

A
  • top portion, most muscular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cervix

A
  • canal needs to widen to give birth

- interiorly contains uterine cavity accessed by cervical canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

broad ligament

A

created by a fold in the visceral peritoneum that attaches the uterus to pelvic cavity on either side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ovarian ligament

A

holds ovary onto uterus inside pelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

isthmus of uterus

A

narrowing portion of uterus towards cervix region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

histology of uterus

A

layers:
- endometrium: composed of stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
- myometrium
- perimetrium

28
Q

endometrium

A

innermost layer
- simple columnar epithelium (some ciliated)
- areolar CT
- endometrial glands secrete nutrient rich fluidss
2 regions are stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

29
Q

stratum basalis vs stratum functionalis

A

basalis: always there, builds up functionalis layer and makes it very vascular, closest to myometrium
functionalis: changes, is closest to uterine cavity (lumen); if implantation does not occur, then it gets sloughed off as menstrual flow

30
Q

myometrium

A

layer that contracts to push baby out
3 layers of smooth muscle: inner/outer is longitudinal or oblique, middle layer is circular
- thickest at fundus

31
Q

perimetrium

A

visceral peritoneum drapes overtop of uterus and fallopian tubes and folds to create the broad ligament

32
Q

vagina

A

connects uterus to outside of the ball

  • passageway for birth, menstrual flow and intercourse
  • 10cm long fibromuscular canal ending at cervix
  • lies between urinary bladder and rectum
33
Q

histology of vagina

A
  • mucosa: stratified squamous epithelium with rugae to allow stretch
  • muscularis: outer circular/inner longitudinal smooth muscle allows for some stretch
  • adventitia: loose areolar CT binds to other organs
34
Q

hymen

A

membrane that partially closes vaginal orifice

- is there until ruptured by something like heavy menstrual flow, tampon use or intercourse

35
Q

vulva

A

aka pudendum

- external genitalia

36
Q

mons pubis

A

fatty pad that covers pubic symphysis

37
Q

labia majora and minora

A

folds of skin encircling vestibule, usually closed to protect from outer enviroment

38
Q

clitoris

A

small mass of erectile tissue, found where minoras come together and makes a little cap

39
Q

bulb of vestibule (vulva)

A

masses of erectile tissue just deep to labia on either side of vaginal orifice
- when fills with blood, expands and closes off opening to vagina and puts pressure on penis

40
Q

female reproductive cycle

A

controlled by monthly hormone cycle of anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and ovaries

41
Q

ovarian cycle

A

changes in the ovary during and after the maturation of the oocyte (such as the follicle changing because of hormones

42
Q

uterine cycle

A

preparation of uterus (endometrium) to receive fertilized ovum
- in implantation does not occur, the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation (blood supply is cut off from functionalis layer)

43
Q

hormones involved in regulation of the female reproductive cycle

A 
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
progesterone 
estrogen
relaxin
inhibin
44
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

released from hypothalamus
- controls cycles by stimulating the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary

45
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates growth and development of follicles that secrete estrogen

46
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates ovulation and promotes formation of the corpus luteum which secretes estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

47
Q

progesterone

A

works with estrogens to prepare uterus for implantation and stimulates the functionalis layer to build up
- high progesterone inhibits release of LH and FSH

48
Q

estrogen

A

maintains reproductive organs

  • is secreted by theca interna cells of secondary follicle and then comes from corpus luteum after ovulation
  • moderate levels of estrogen inhibit LH and FSH release
  • high levels of estrogen stimulates LH and FSH release
49
Q

relaxin

A

secreted by corpus luteum

- facilitates implantation by relaxing the uterus to create the optimal environment for the blastocyst

50
Q

inhibin

A

secreted from granulosa cells of secondary follicle and then by corpus luteum
- inhibits secretions of FSH

51
Q

luteal cells

A

granulosa cells and theca interna cells get mixed up to become luteal cells which make up the corpus luteum

52
Q

phases of the reproductive cycle

A 
typically lasts 24-36 days (average is 28)
Phases:
1. menstrual 
2. preovulatory
3. ovulation
4. postovulatory
53
Q

menstrual phase

A

menstruation lasts for about 5 days and the first day is considered the beginning of the 28 day cycle
- ovary in follicular phase

54
Q

ovary in menstrual phase

A
  • follicles are at various stages of development and it usually takes months to reach maturity
  • FSH stimulates primordial follicles to from primary follicles to secondary follicles
55
Q

uterus in menstrual phase

A
  • declining levels of progesterone and estrogens cause spiral arteries that supply functionalis layer to constrict leading to cell death (bc of lack of oxygen)
  • stratum functionalis layer is sloughed off along with 50-150mL of blood/fluid/cells
56
Q

preovulatory phase

A

lasts from day 6 to 13 (most variance in timeline)

  • ovary is in follicular phase
  • uterus is in proliferative phase
57
Q

ovary in preovulatory phase

A

follicular phase
- secondary follicles secrete estrogen and inhibin which slows secretions of FSH causing other follicles to stop growing
- one dominant follicle survives to day 6
by day 14, mature follicle secretes more and more estrogen and has enlarged and bulges surface of ovary
- the increasing estrogen levels trigger LH secretion

58
Q

uterus in preovulatory phase

A

proliferative phase

  • increasing estrogen levels have repaired and thickened the stratum functionalis layer to 4-10mm thickness
    • cells of basalis layer start to multiply and build functionalis layer on top
59
Q

ovulation

A

high levels of estrogens from almost mature follicle stimulate release of more GnRH and LH

  • in anterior pituitary, GnRH promotes release of FSH and more LH
  • the surge in LH causes ovulation, rupturing follicle and releasing secondary oocyte on day 14
  • corpus hemmoragicum results which starts to build corpus luteum right after
60
Q

postovulatory phase

A

lasts 14 days
the time between ovulation and menses
- ovary in luteal phase
- uterus in secretory phase

61
Q

ovary in postovulatory phase

A

luteal phase

  • corpus luteum forms under the amount of LH and begins to secrete more hormones
  • if no fertilization: corpus albicans is formed by 2 weeks which degrades and the hormones produced by the corpus luteum and corpus albicans decrease: as these hormone levels drop, secretion of GnRH, FSH and LH rise
  • if fertilization occurs: developing embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which maintains healthy corpus luteum and its hormone secretions
62
Q

uterus in postovulatory phase

A

secretory phase

  • hormones from corpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium to 12-18mm
  • if no fertilization: corpus luteum dies (estrogen and progesterone levels drop) and menstrual phase will begin
63
Q

ovulation kits

A

detect the spike in LH that arises during (12 hours prior to) ovulation
- can be detected in urine thus can determine when someone is ovulating

64
Q

pregnancy tests

A

detect the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) present and secreted by developing embryo

65
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A
  • secreted by embryo
    targets corpus luteum and keeps it alive
    so that it will secrete the regular hormones and stop the menstrual cycle from happening

Kin 1AA3 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions