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Kin 1AA3 > Male Reproductive > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

gametes

A

for males, are sperm

for females, are oocytes

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2
Q

gonads

A

produce gametes and sex hormones

  • males have testes, females have ovaries
  • testes produce hormones for building muscles, and sperm growth and development
  • ovaries produce hormones that regulate the reproductive system
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3
Q

components of a reproductive system

A

gonads, ducts, glands and supporting structures (aid in storage of before things leave the body)
- glands produce fluids and hormones, ducts carry things places

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4
Q

functions of the male reproductive system

A
  1. testes produce sperm and male sex hormones (testosterone)
  2. ducts transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm
  3. glands secrete liquid portion of semen
  4. penis contains urethra which is the passageway for urine and semen
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5
Q

scrotum

A

sac of loose skin, fascia and smooth muscle divided into 2 pouches by scrotal septum and contains the testes

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6
Q

raphe

A

ridge where septum attaches to scrotum

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7
Q

temperature regulation of the testes

A
  • sperm survival requires 2-3 degrees below core body temp
  • cremaster muscle and dartos muscle help bring testes closer to the body so when it’s cold
  • when it’s super hot out, these muscles relax
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8
Q

cremaster muscle

A

a part of the spermatic chord

- skeletal muscle that runs from pelvic area into scrotum to pull testes closer to the body for warmth

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9
Q

dartos muscle

A

makes scrotum smaller to make surface area less, allowing less heat to leave the testes, makes skin wrinkly

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10
Q

testes

A
  • paired oval glands (5cm x 2.5cm)
    endocrine function: release testosterone into blood supply
    exocrine function: produce sperm and a bit of fluid to carry sperm
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11
Q

tunica albuginea

A

a CT layer that compartmentalizes the testes

- separates them into 200-300 compartments called lobules

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12
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

each testis is filled with 1-3 seminiferous tubules where sperm is formed

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13
Q

tunica vaginalis

A
  • more superficial than tunica albuginea
  • gonads of testes form in abdominal cavity during embryological dev’t, and were above peritoneal serous membrane which now becomes the tunica vaginalis
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14
Q

cells of sperm formation

A

found inside seminiferous tubules
sertoli (sustentacular) cells
interstitial (Leydig) cells

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15
Q

sertoli cells

A

aka sustentacular cells

  • large cells that have a protective role for gametes, span the lumen and wrap around developing gamete cells to create the blood-testis barrier (the stem cells need protection from the immune system)
  • produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
  • can digest some extra materials and debris produced during meiosis
  • secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by indirectly decreasing testosterone
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16
Q

interstitial cells

A

aka Leydig cells

  • located b/w adjacent seminiferous tubules
  • secrete testosterone
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17
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia to mature sperm

- spermatogenic cells are stem cells

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18
Q

spermatogonia

A

diploid stem cells that differentiate into diploid primary spermatocytes
- meiosis occurs and forms haploid spermatids

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19
Q

spermatids

A

haploid

don’t have final sperm structures yet (flagellum, acrosome)

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20
Q

spermiogenesis

A

maturation of spermatids into sperm cells (final step of spermatogenesis)

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21
Q

spermiation

A

release of a sperm cell from a sertoli cell
- fluid produced in sertoli cells pushes sperm into seminiferous tubules and hydrostatic pressure moves them onwards through ducts

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22
Q

inhibin

A

controls production of sperm

  • when sperm production IS sufficient, sertoli cells release inhibin and indirectly decrease testosterone levels, decreasing sperm production
  • when sperm production is proceeding too slowly, less inhibin is released from sertoli cells, indirectly increasing testosterone levels, increasing sperm production
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23
Q

sperm facts

A
  • 300 million produced/day
  • adapted for reaching and penetrating a secondary oocyte
  • middle piece contains mitochondria to produce ATP and provide energy for sperm to swim
  • tail is flagellum used for locomotion which is active and present after 2 weeks
24
Q

acrosome

A

tip on the head of the sperm that contain enzymes that break down the zona pellucida during the acrosomal reaction

25
Q

pathway of sperm flow in the testes

A 
seminiferous tubules (in each lobule) 
straight tubules
rete testis
efferent ducts
ductus epididymis
(ductus) vas deferens which exits scrotum and goes up into pelvic cavity
26
Q

epididymis

A

coma shaped organ, 4cm long along posterior border of each testis

  • has head, body and tail regions
  • multiple efferent ducts become a single ductus epididymis in the head region (tube is 6 metres long if uncoiled to provide lots of area to store sperm)
  • tail region continues as ductus deferens
27
Q

ductus epididymis

A

lined w pseudostratified columnar epithelium

  • layers of smooth muscle outside epithelial layer (not super highly arranged, some circular and some longitudinal)
  • stereocilia: microvilli for reabsorption of degenerated sperm: if they aren’t being used, and sit for a couple of months, sperm get broken down and reabsorbed
28
Q

functions of epididymis

A
  • site of sperm maturation (motility increases after 2 weeks)
  • storage for 1-2 months (upwards of 3 months in some)
  • peristaltic contraction propel sperm onward, moving sperm and fluid into pelvic cavity and vas deferens
29
Q

ductus (vas) deferens

A

45 cm muscular tube along posterior border of epididymis

  • passes through spermatic cord and inguinal canal
  • reaches posterior surface of urinary bladder and widens at ampulla
  • empties into ejaculatory duct at ampulla which leads to prostatic urethra
30
Q

inguinal canal

A

a slit in CT in the pelvic floor

- an inguinal hernia is when the pelvic floor muscles push through inguinal canal

31
Q

histology of vas deferens

A
  • lined w pseudostratified epithelium
  • 3 layers of smooth muscle (2 longitudinal with circular in between) responsible for peristaltic contractions which move sperm
32
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

formed by dict of seminal vesicle and ampulla of vas deferens
- eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions before ejaculation

33
Q

spermatic cord

A
  • contains all structures passing to and from the testes
  • includes cremaster muscle, vas deferens, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, blood supply, lymphatic vessels
  • runs through inguinal canal opening
34
Q

accessory sex glands

A

3 glands that help make seminal fluid

  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral (cowper’s) gland
35
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • a pair of pouch-like organs found posterior to the base of the bladder
  • secretes alkaline, viscous fluid that makes up 60% of semen
36
Q

properties of fluid from seminal vesicles

A
  • neutralizes acidic male urethra and vagina
  • fructose for ATP production
  • prostaglandins: stimulate sperm motility and viability
  • clotting proteins for coagulation of semen (clump it all together in the body)
37
Q

prostate gland

A
  • single organ the size of a golf ball found inferior to the bladder and surrounds prostatic urethra
  • secretes slightly milky, slightly acidic fluid that makes up 25-30% of semen
  • many ducts and opening
38
Q

properties of fluid from prostate gland

A
  • citric acid for ATP production
  • enzymes for seminal liquefication
  • seminalplasmin: an antibiotic to destroy bacteria in both male urethra and female reproductive system
  • increases sperm motility and viability
39
Q

bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

A
  • paired, peas sized glands within muscles of perineum, lateral to intermediate urethra
  • secretes alkaline mucous into spongy urethra (5% if semen)
  • fluid preps urethra: neutralizes acid and lubricates urethra just before ejaculation so sperm don’t get damaged
40
Q

semen

A

a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
- glandular secretions and fluid of seminiferous tubules
- slightly alkaline, milky appearance, sticky
- contains nutrients, clotting proteins and antibiotic (seminalplasmin)
typical ejaculate is 2-5 mL
normal sperm count is 50-150 million/mL

41
Q

coagulation/liquification of sperm

A

1st coagulates within 5 minutes
2nd reliquifies in 10-20 mins because of enzymes produced by the prostatic glands
- if this doesn’t happen, sperm can’t get away from one another because they’ll be stuck together

42
Q

penis

A 
a passageway for urine and semen via the urethra
has 3 regions:
root
body
glans penis
43
Q

root of penis

A

potion nearest the pelvic cavity

  • bulb of penis
  • crus of penis
44
Q

bulb of penis

A

expanded region of corpus spongiosum

- part of root of penis

45
Q

crus of penis

A

crura is plural
2 extensions of corpora cavernosa, bilateral
- part of root of penis

46
Q

body of penis

A

composed of erectile tissue
includes:
- corpora cavernosa
- corpus spongiosum

47
Q

erectile tissue

A

like a sponge, has spaces called sinuses lined with endothelial tissue
- sinuses fill with blood on demand and are surrounded by smooth muscle

48
Q

corpora cavernosa

A

paired, dorsolateral

  • begins at crura of the penis and attaches to the ischeal and inferior pubic rami
  • covered by ischiocavernosus muscle
49
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

single, midventral (underside and middle)

  • surrounds urethra, helps hold it open and prevents collapsing
  • begins as bulb of penis and ends at glans penis
  • covered by bulbospongiosus muscle just on spongy urethra end and the other end attaches to the pelvic floor
50
Q

glans penis

A 
expanded corpus spongiosum
includes prepuce (foreskin) and corona
51
Q

corona

A

ridge of glans penis

52
Q

deep artery of penis

A

brings blood into erectile tissue

53
Q

ischiocavernosus muscle

A

pulls penis towards body

- crura of penis or ends of corpora cavernosa are enclosed in this muscle

54
Q

bulbospongiosus muscle

A

bulb of penis or base of corpus spongiosus enclosed by this muscle

55
Q

erection

A

parasympathetic NS response from sacral region

  • sexual stimulation dilates the arteries supplying the penis, relaxation of smooth muscles surrounding sinuses to accommodate more blood as sinuses fill with blood
  • blood enters the penis, compressing the veins so that the blood is trapped
  • need vasoconstriction of arteries and smooth muscle around sinuses to return to resting state
56
Q

ejaculation

A

sympathetic NS response originating from lumbar region of SC

  • internal urethral sphincter constricts at base of bladder so things don’t enter the bladder
  • peristalsis moves fluids through ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and ejaculatory ducts into urethra
  • ischiocavernosus compresses base of penis (shortens distance) and bulbospongiosus constricts urethra and erects penis

Kin 1AA3 (11 decks)

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