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Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does urinary system accomplish?

A
  • maintain composition, pH and volume of body fluid

- excretes foreign substances

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2
Q

What structures make up urinary system?

A

pair of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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3
Q

What is the basic function of the kidneys

A

remove substances from the blood and secrete certain hormones

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4
Q

What serves as a urine reservoir?

A

urinary bladder

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5
Q

Is the kidney enclosed in a capsule?

A

yes a tough, fibrous, capsule

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6
Q

The left kidney is higher/the same/lower than the right kidney

A

left is a bit higher

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7
Q

Kidneys are positioned:

A

retroperitoneally

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8
Q

What holds kidneys in place?

A

connective tissue and adipose tissue

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9
Q

The main function of the kidneys is to:

A

regulate the volume and composition of body fluids

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10
Q

The kidneys also contribute to RBC formation by secreting:

A

EPO

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11
Q

The kidneys contribute to blood pressure by releasing:

A

renin

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12
Q

Kidneys regulate absorption of calcium ions by activating:

A

vitamin D

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13
Q

The medical technology that can take over the role of the kidneys is known as:

A

hemodialysis

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14
Q

Concave medial surface of the kidney is called:

A

renal sinus

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15
Q

The entrance to the sinus (where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels pass) is called the:

A

hilum

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16
Q

The superior end of the ureter forms the, in other words this structure directs urine towards the ureter, it pretty much becomes the ureter:

A

renal pelvis

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17
Q

The renal pelvis is formed by the convergence of 2 or 3 tubes called:

A

major calyces

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18
Q

Major calyces are formed by the convergence of:

A

7-20 minor calyces

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19
Q

At least one small projection called a _________ extends into each minor calyx

A

renal papilla

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20
Q

The kidney includes 2 distinct regions. Name them:

A

inner medulla and an outer cortex

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21
Q

Renal medulla is made up of:

A

renal pyramids

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22
Q

What is the tissue of the renal medulla like?

A

striated with microscopic tubules

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23
Q

The granular shell around the renal medulla is the:

A

renal cortex

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24
Q

What are the subunits of the kidneys?

A

nephrons

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25
Q

How many nephrons are there? And what are they responsible for?

A
  • 1 million

- urine formation

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26
Q

What does each nephron consist of?

A

renal corpuscle

renal tububle

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27
Q

The renal arteries arise from the:

A

abdominal artery

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28
Q

When at rest the renal arteries usually carry what percentage of total cardiac output to the kidneys?

A

15-30%

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29
Q

Arteries enter kidney through:

A

hilum

30
Q

What is the pathway of arteries in the kindey:

A

interlobar - arcuate arteries - cortical radiate arteries - afferent arterioles - nephrons - glomerulus (within renal corpuscle) - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries

31
Q

What are parellel bundles of blood vessels that descend and then ascend in the kindeys?

A

vasa recta

32
Q

What kidney vein joins the inferior vena cava back to the heart?

A

renal vein

33
Q

AGAIN, what does each nephron consist of?

A

renal corpuscle, renal tubule

34
Q

A renal corpuscle contains what structure?

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule. Afferent leads to glomerulus and then efferent goes out.

35
Q

The first step of urine formation is filtration of fluid from the:

A

glomerular capillaries

36
Q

The glomerular capsule is composed of 2 epithelial layers:

A
  1. visceral - podocytes

2. parietal - squamous

37
Q

So kidneys filter blood. Blood comes in from the renal artery and the rest of the pathway to the glomerulus and then filtered material goes on to the ___________ then the nephron loop and the __________.

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule

2. distal convoluted tubule

38
Q

The distal convoluted tubule merge in the renal cortex to form a:

A

collecting duct

39
Q

Is there 1 collecting duct per nephron?

A

no, 1 collecting duct drains several nephrons

40
Q

The collecting duct passes into the __________ widening as it joins other collecting ducts.

A

renal medulla

41
Q

As the collecting ducts merge they form a larger tube that empties into a ______.

A

minor calyx through an opening in a renal papilla

42
Q

So in summary what are the parts of nephron?

A

glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (ascending and descending) distal convoluted tubule

43
Q

What is associated with urine formation and nephron but not a part of a nephron?

A

collecting duct

44
Q

The first structure of urine excretion is:

A

minor calyx

45
Q

From the minor calyx where does urine go?

A
  • major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder and urethra
46
Q

What is a cortical nephron?

A

most nephrons have renal corpuscles in the renal cortex near the surface of the kidney. so most nephrons are cortical nephrons

47
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

corpuscles deep in the cortex close to the renal medulla

48
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus:

A

nephron loop comes back up to touch the glomerulus. Where it touches the glomerulus the cells of the ascending loop are tall and dense epithelial cells called macula densa
2. ALSO includes juxtaglomerular cells

49
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

smooth muscle cells near afferent arteriole that associate with the macula densa

50
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus have a role in:

A

renin secretion

51
Q 
What does urine contain?
a - water
b - nitrogenous wastes
c - electrolytes
d- all of the above
A

d - all of the above

52
Q

Name the 3 steps of urine filtration:

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
53
Q

Glomerular filtration involves:

A

filtering plasma of blood

54
Q

What force leads to filtering:

A

blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure)

55
Q

What force leads to reabsorption:

A

colloid osmotic pressure

56
Q

Nephrons use ______ capillary beds. The first bed is only to filter.

A

2

57
Q

Filtered fluid from glomerular filtration:

A

tubular fluid

58
Q

Most of filtered fluid is

a. returned to the body
b. excreted as urine
c. both are even

A

a. returned to the body

59
Q

Fluid is returned to the internal environment through:

A

tubular reabsorption

60
Q

The final stage or urine excretion is _________, where substances are eliminated faster than filtration alone.

A

tubular secretion

61
Q

During glomerular filtration __________ are filtered out leaving ________.

A

water and other small dissolved molecules

  1. large proteins
62
Q

Glomerular capillaries are more permeable to small molecules due to many tiny openings called:

A

fenestrae

63
Q

What structure receives the resulting glomerular filtrate?

A

glomerular capsule

64
Q

So what is contained in glomerular filtrate?

A

water, urea, amino acids, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulfate ions

65
Q

What has larger diameter:

A

afferent arterioles, which causes backup of blood to back up in the glomerulus, raising blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

66
Q

the plasma colloid osmotic pressure is always ________ than that of the glomerular filtrate and since there are more proteins in the plasma and this draws shit back in.

A

higher

67
Q

the result of all forces is called the _________

and it is usually _____, favoring filtration/reabsorption.

A
  1. net filtration pressure
  2. +10
  3. filtration
68
Q

The GFR is directly proportional to the __________

A

net filtration pressure

69
Q

The most commonly measured index of kidney function is:

A

GFR

70
Q

If the efferent arteriole constricts what happens to filtration:

A

increased filtration

71
Q

The force favoring filtration/reabsorption is always predominant

A

filtration

72
Q

Lowering plasma protein concentration (in plasma so thus in the capillaries) would have what effect on filtration rate?

A

increase filtration (more fluid since less proteins - therefore more fluid would leave from high to low)

Physiology (6 decks)

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