Chapter 16 - Lymphatic Flashcards
The lymphatic pathways begin as lymphatic ________.
capillaries
Lymphatic ducts unite with veins in the ______.
thorax
Lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid away from ___________ in most tissues and return it into the bloodstream.
interstitial spaces
Special lymphatic capillaries in the lining of the small intestine are called:
lacteals
Are lymphatic tubes closed ended or open ended?
closed-ended
The walls of lymphatic capillaries are made of:
simple squamous endothelium
once inside lymphatic capillaries, fluid is called:
lymph
Lymphatic capillaries merge into ______
lymphatic vessels
The walls of lymphatic veins are similar to veins but they are _______.
thinner
Name the 3 layers of lymphatic vessels:
- endothelial lining
2. middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, connective tissue outer layer
Lymphatic vessels have _____ to prevent backflow:
semilunar valves
The larger lymphatic vessels lead to _____ ______.
lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels then drain to:
lymphatic trunks
There are various lymphatic trunks such as:
- intestinal, jugular, bronchomediastinal
Lymphatic trunks then merge to:
collecting ducts
Describe the pathway of lymph starting from the capillaries:
capillaries-afferent vessels - lymph nodes - efferent vessels - lymph trunks - ducts - bloodstream
How many lymphatic collecting ducts are there?
2
What are the lymphatic collecting ducts:
- thoracic duct
- right lymphatic duct
Which collecting duct is wider and longer?
thoracic duct
Where does the thoracic lymphatic duct originate?
cisterna chlyi
Where does the thoracic duct empty?
left subclavian vein
Where does the right lymphatic duct originate?
right thorax at union of right jugular, right subclavian, right bronchomediastinal trunks
Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?
right subclavian vein
Where does lymph end up?
plasma in venous system
Tissue fluid originates from plasma and includes water and dissolved substances that have passed through the blood capillary wall.
Tissue fluid generally lacks ______ but some smaller ________ are filtered out of blood capillaries into interstitial spaces.
As the protein concentration of tissue fluid increases, ________ increases.
- proteins
2. colloid osmotic pressure
Tissue fluid originates from plasma and includes water and dissolved substances that have passed through the blood capillary wall.
Tissue fluid generally lacks ______ but some smaller ________ are filtered out of blood capillaries into interstitial spaces.
As the protein concentration of tissue fluid increases, ________ increases.
- proteins
2. colloid osmotic pressure
Is lymph under high or low pressure?
low pressure, like venous blood
When does lymphatic flow peak?
exercise
What helps lymph move through vessels?
skeletal muscles, breathing, smooth muscles
Conditions that interfere with lymph movement cause tissue fluid to accumulate in interstitial spaces causing:
edema
Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine play a major role in the absorption of ______:
dietary fats
What does lymph do with the small proteins that were filtered out of venous capillaries?
return it to the bloodstream eventually
How are the walls of lymph vessels special?
epithelial cells overlap but are not attached: thus creating flaplike valves in the wall: valves open when hydrostatic pressure is greater outside and close when pressure is greater inside
The epithelial cells of the lymphatic capillary wall are also attached to surrounding ___________:
connective tissue cells by thin protein filaments, therefore preventing the lumen from caving in on itself when the pressure on the outside is greater
Lymphatic tissue contains (think cells):
lymphocytes, macrophages and other cells
The unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts is called _____.
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
The MALT contains masses of lymphatic tissue called:
lymphatic nodules
What are the lymphatic nodules? Are they the same as lymph nodes?
tonsils and appendix
MALT aggregates of lymphatic nodules are called _______ are scattered throughout the mucosal lining of the ______ ______.
peyer’s patches
small intestine
Encapsulated lymphatic tissues includes:
lymph nodes, thymus and spleen
What is different about encapsulated lymphatic tissue:
connective tissue capsule encloses organs
Blood vessels and nerves join to exit the lymph node at the ______.
hilum
Fluid enters the lymph node through:
afferent vessels
Lymph node has compartments called lymphatic nodules (not to be confused with other lymphatic nodules) or _______>
lymphatic follicles
The functional units of the lymph nodes are the ______>
lymphatic follicles/nodules
Within the lymphatic follicles are ______ _______, where B lymphocytes proliferate.
germinal centers
Spaces in a lymph node are called:
lymphatic sinuses
Disease-causing agents are called:
pathogens
Viruses are/are not pathogens
are, they are not considered organisms but they are pathogens
General mechanisms of protection are called ______ defense:
innate; include mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, fever, natural killer T cells
Precise protective mechanisms are called:
adaptive defense
Adaptive defense can also be called:
immunity
What develops faster, adaptive or innate defense?
innate
List the innate defenses:
species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever
Some diseases affect certain species and not others. This is known as:
species resistance
First line of defense is the ______ barriers:
mechanical
Lymphocytes and fibroblasts produce:
interferons, they resist replication of a variety of tissue and also stimulate phagocytosis
Defensins are peptides produced by ________ and other types of granular white blood cells.
neutrophils
What do defensins do?
make holes in bacterial walls and membranes, crippling microbes
What do collectins do?
broad protection against bacteria, yeasts and viruses. Home in on slight differences in structures and arrangements of sugars
_____ is a group of proteins in plasma and other bodily fluids, cascade reaction.
complement
Where are complements synthesized?
liver
________ are a small population of lymphocytes that are distinctly different from the lymphocytes that provide adaptive defense mechanisms.
Natural Killer (NK) cells
NK cells secrete _________, that lyse the cell membrane.
perforins
______ is a reaction that produces localized redness, swelling, heat and pain.
inflammation
Why is inflamed skin red and hot?
red because dilated blood vessels, hot because blood from deeper (Warmer) parts of the body rushes to the area
Inflammation is caused only by pathogens, true or false.
False
What happens during inflammation:
swelling/redness, white blood cells invade the region, clotting, fibroblasts make new fibers, phagocytes eat old shit, new cells divide to repair
Phagocytosis removes foreign particles from ______ and also blood.
lymph
The most active phagocytic cells are ______ and ______
neutrophils (engulf smaller) and monocytes (engulf larger particles)
What describes chemicals released from injured areas attracting cells:
chemotaxis
How does a fever begin?
infection triggers lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete interleukin-1.
What is known as the internal fire-maker?
interleukin-1
Fever indirectly counters microbial growth because higher body temperature causes the liver and spleen to sequester ______.
iron
The third line of defense is _______
immunity or adaptive defense
nonself molecules that can elicit an immune response are called:
antigens
The two types of adaptive immune responses include:
cellular/humoral
Eggs and sperm have the potential of being recognized as nonself. How is this prevented?
eggs and sperm are hidden away and protected by many layers.
Antigens may be:
a. proteins
b. polysaccharides
c. glycoproteins
d. glycolipids
e. all of the above
e.
Most effective antigens are:
a. large and complex
b. small and repeating
a.
A small molecule that cannot by itself stimulate an immune response and thus combines with a larger one is called:
a. interleukin
b. interferon
c. complement
d. hapten
e. antigen
d. hapten
Lymphocyte production begins _______.
before birth
Where do thymocytes become T-lymphocytes?
thymus
T lymphocytes can be found:
a. thymus
b. thoracic duct
c. spleen (white pulp)
d. all of the above
d.
Lymphocytes that mature fully in the red bone marrow are called:
a. red lymphoctyes
b. B-lymphoctyes
c. T-lymphocytes
d. macrophages
b.
The majority of circulating lymphocytes are ______ lymphocytes.
T
B-cells are abundant in:
a. lymph nodes
b. spleen
c. bone marrow
d. intestinal lining
e. all of the above
all of the above
A lymphocyte must be _______ before it can respond to an antigen.
activated
T-cell activation requires that processed fragments of the antigen be attached to the surface of an ________.
antigen-presenting cell
All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except:
a. reticular cells
b. dendritic cells
c. macrophages
d. B cells
e. T cells
e. t cells
Macrophages will digest bacteria and display the bacterial antigens on the cell membrane near certain proteins called:
major histocompatibility complex
MHC help T cells recognize that the newly formed antigen is _____
foreign
Activated T cells interact directly with the APC, this cell to cell contact is called:
cellular immune response
T cells also synthesize and secrete polypeptides called _________>
cytokines
Polypeptides that enhance certain cellular responses to antigens:
cytokines
Name the types of cytokines:
CSF, interferons, interluekins, tumor necrosis factor
What stimulates bone marrow to produce lymphocytes?
colony-stimulating factors
Helper T cell is:
activated when its antigen receptor combines with a displayed foreign antigen
Once activated, the Helper T cell stimulates ______ (plasma cell) to produce antibodies.
B cell
Another type of T cell is a cytotoxic T cell:
secrete perforins to lyse cells
Memory T cells come from:
cytotoxic T cells
Do memory T cells respond to initial exposure to a pathogen?
no, with subsequent exposures they turn back into cytotoxic T cells and attack pathogen
The only type of T cell that attacks pathogens is the:
cytotoxic t cell
______ cells help B-cells to proliferate by secreting cytokines.
Helper T cells
B cells differentiate further into______, which secrete ______, also known as ______.
plasma cells, antibodies, immunoglobulins
Body fluids carry antibodies, which react in various ways to destroy specific antigens. This response is called:
humoral immune response (humoral means fluid)
A single type of B cell carries information to produce a single type of antibody, TRUE OR FALSE:
true
B cells that don’t become plasma cells that secrete antibodies become:
memory B cells, similar to memory T cells
Antibodies are soluble, globular proteins that constitute the ____ ______ fraction of plasma proteins.
gamma globulin
Each antibody molecule consists of ______
4 amino acid chains
How many major types of immunoglobulins are there?
5
Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant?
G
Immunoglobulin G is in _____. It is effective against _______.
plasma and tissue fluid.
bacteria, viruses and toxins,
also activates complement proteins
Anti-Rh antibodies are what category of antibodies?
G
Immunoglobulin A is in _______.
Exocrine gland secretions such as breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juices, bile and urine.
T cells diminish only slightly with increasing age, and numbers of B cells not at all. True or False?
True
