Chapter 16 - Lymphatic Flashcards
1
Q
The lymphatic pathways begin as lymphatic ________.
A
capillaries
2
Q
Lymphatic ducts unite with veins in the ______.
A
thorax
3
Q
Lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid away from ___________ in most tissues and return it into the bloodstream.
A
interstitial spaces
4
Q
Special lymphatic capillaries in the lining of the small intestine are called:
A
lacteals
5
Q
Are lymphatic tubes closed ended or open ended?
A
closed-ended
6
Q
The walls of lymphatic capillaries are made of:
A
simple squamous endothelium
7
Q
once inside lymphatic capillaries, fluid is called:
A
lymph
8
Q
Lymphatic capillaries merge into ______
A
lymphatic vessels
9
Q
The walls of lymphatic veins are similar to veins but they are _______.
A
thinner
10
Q
Name the 3 layers of lymphatic vessels:
A
- endothelial lining
2. middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, connective tissue outer layer
11
Q
Lymphatic vessels have _____ to prevent backflow:
A
semilunar valves
12
Q
The larger lymphatic vessels lead to _____ ______.
A
lymph nodes
13
Q
Lymphatic vessels then drain to:
A
lymphatic trunks
14
Q
There are various lymphatic trunks such as:
A
- intestinal, jugular, bronchomediastinal
15
Q
Lymphatic trunks then merge to:
A
collecting ducts
16
Q
Describe the pathway of lymph starting from the capillaries:
A
capillaries-afferent vessels - lymph nodes - efferent vessels - lymph trunks - ducts - bloodstream
17
Q
How many lymphatic collecting ducts are there?
A
2
18
Q
What are the lymphatic collecting ducts:
A
- thoracic duct
- right lymphatic duct
19
Q
Which collecting duct is wider and longer?
A
thoracic duct
20
Q
Where does the thoracic lymphatic duct originate?
A
cisterna chlyi
21
Q
Where does the thoracic duct empty?
A
left subclavian vein
22
Q
Where does the right lymphatic duct originate?
A
right thorax at union of right jugular, right subclavian, right bronchomediastinal trunks
23
Q
Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?
A
right subclavian vein
24
Q
Where does lymph end up?
A
plasma in venous system
25
Tissue fluid originates from plasma and includes water and dissolved substances that have passed through the blood capillary wall.
Tissue fluid generally lacks ______ but some smaller ________ are filtered out of blood capillaries into interstitial spaces.
As the protein concentration of tissue fluid increases, ________ increases.
1. proteins
| 2. colloid osmotic pressure
26
Tissue fluid originates from plasma and includes water and dissolved substances that have passed through the blood capillary wall.
Tissue fluid generally lacks ______ but some smaller ________ are filtered out of blood capillaries into interstitial spaces.
As the protein concentration of tissue fluid increases, ________ increases.
1. proteins
| 2. colloid osmotic pressure
27
Is lymph under high or low pressure?
low pressure, like venous blood
28
When does lymphatic flow peak?
exercise
29
What helps lymph move through vessels?
skeletal muscles, breathing, smooth muscles
30
Conditions that interfere with lymph movement cause tissue fluid to accumulate in interstitial spaces causing:
edema
31
Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine play a major role in the absorption of ______:
dietary fats
32
What does lymph do with the small proteins that were filtered out of venous capillaries?
return it to the bloodstream eventually
33
How are the walls of lymph vessels special?
epithelial cells overlap but are not attached: thus creating flaplike valves in the wall: valves open when hydrostatic pressure is greater outside and close when pressure is greater inside
34
The epithelial cells of the lymphatic capillary wall are also attached to surrounding ___________:
connective tissue cells by thin protein filaments, therefore preventing the lumen from caving in on itself when the pressure on the outside is greater
35
Lymphatic tissue contains (think cells):
lymphocytes, macrophages and other cells
36
The unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts is called _____.
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
37
The MALT contains masses of lymphatic tissue called:
lymphatic nodules
38
What are the lymphatic nodules? Are they the same as lymph nodes?
tonsils and appendix
39
MALT aggregates of lymphatic nodules are called _______ are scattered throughout the mucosal lining of the ______ ______.
peyer's patches
small intestine
40
Encapsulated lymphatic tissues includes:
lymph nodes, thymus and spleen
41
What is different about encapsulated lymphatic tissue:
connective tissue capsule encloses organs
42
Blood vessels and nerves join to exit the lymph node at the ______.
hilum
43
Fluid enters the lymph node through:
afferent vessels
44
Lymph node has compartments called lymphatic nodules (not to be confused with other lymphatic nodules) or _______>
lymphatic follicles
45
The functional units of the lymph nodes are the ______>
lymphatic follicles/nodules
46
Within the lymphatic follicles are ______ _______, where B lymphocytes proliferate.
germinal centers
47
Spaces in a lymph node are called:
lymphatic sinuses
48
Disease-causing agents are called:
pathogens
49
Viruses are/are not pathogens
are, they are not considered organisms but they are pathogens
50
General mechanisms of protection are called ______ defense:
innate; include mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, fever, natural killer T cells
51
Precise protective mechanisms are called:
adaptive defense
52
Adaptive defense can also be called:
immunity
53
What develops faster, adaptive or innate defense?
innate
54
List the innate defenses:
species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever
55
Some diseases affect certain species and not others. This is known as:
species resistance
56
First line of defense is the ______ barriers:
mechanical
57
Lymphocytes and fibroblasts produce:
interferons, they resist replication of a variety of tissue and also stimulate phagocytosis
58
Defensins are peptides produced by ________ and other types of granular white blood cells.
neutrophils
59
What do defensins do?
make holes in bacterial walls and membranes, crippling microbes
60
What do collectins do?
broad protection against bacteria, yeasts and viruses. Home in on slight differences in structures and arrangements of sugars
61
_____ is a group of proteins in plasma and other bodily fluids, cascade reaction.
complement
62
Where are complements synthesized?
liver
63
________ are a small population of lymphocytes that are distinctly different from the lymphocytes that provide adaptive defense mechanisms.
Natural Killer (NK) cells
64
NK cells secrete _________, that lyse the cell membrane.
perforins
65
______ is a reaction that produces localized redness, swelling, heat and pain.
inflammation
66
Why is inflamed skin red and hot?
red because dilated blood vessels, hot because blood from deeper (Warmer) parts of the body rushes to the area
67
Inflammation is caused only by pathogens, true or false.
False
68
What happens during inflammation:
swelling/redness, white blood cells invade the region, clotting, fibroblasts make new fibers, phagocytes eat old shit, new cells divide to repair
69
Phagocytosis removes foreign particles from ______ and also blood.
lymph
70
The most active phagocytic cells are ______ and ______
neutrophils (engulf smaller) and monocytes (engulf larger particles)
71
What describes chemicals released from injured areas attracting cells:
chemotaxis
72
How does a fever begin?
infection triggers lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete interleukin-1.
73
What is known as the internal fire-maker?
interleukin-1
74
Fever indirectly counters microbial growth because higher body temperature causes the liver and spleen to sequester ______.
iron
75
The third line of defense is _______
immunity or adaptive defense
76
nonself molecules that can elicit an immune response are called:
antigens
77
The two types of adaptive immune responses include:
cellular/humoral
78
Eggs and sperm have the potential of being recognized as nonself. How is this prevented?
eggs and sperm are hidden away and protected by many layers.
79
Antigens may be:
a. proteins
b. polysaccharides
c. glycoproteins
d. glycolipids
e. all of the above
e.
80
Most effective antigens are:
a. large and complex
b. small and repeating
a.
81
A small molecule that cannot by itself stimulate an immune response and thus combines with a larger one is called:
a. interleukin
b. interferon
c. complement
d. hapten
e. antigen
d. hapten
82
Lymphocyte production begins _______.
before birth
83
Where do thymocytes become T-lymphocytes?
thymus
84
T lymphocytes can be found:
a. thymus
b. thoracic duct
c. spleen (white pulp)
d. all of the above
d.
85
Lymphocytes that mature fully in the red bone marrow are called:
a. red lymphoctyes
b. B-lymphoctyes
c. T-lymphocytes
d. macrophages
b.
86
The majority of circulating lymphocytes are ______ lymphocytes.
T
87
B-cells are abundant in:
a. lymph nodes
b. spleen
c. bone marrow
d. intestinal lining
e. all of the above
all of the above
88
A lymphocyte must be _______ before it can respond to an antigen.
activated
89
T-cell activation requires that processed fragments of the antigen be attached to the surface of an ________.
antigen-presenting cell
90
All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except:
a. reticular cells
b. dendritic cells
c. macrophages
d. B cells
e. T cells
e. t cells
91
Macrophages will digest bacteria and display the bacterial antigens on the cell membrane near certain proteins called:
major histocompatibility complex
92
MHC help T cells recognize that the newly formed antigen is _____
foreign
93
Activated T cells interact directly with the APC, this cell to cell contact is called:
cellular immune response
94
T cells also synthesize and secrete polypeptides called _________>
cytokines
95
Polypeptides that enhance certain cellular responses to antigens:
cytokines
96
Name the types of cytokines:
CSF, interferons, interluekins, tumor necrosis factor
97
What stimulates bone marrow to produce lymphocytes?
colony-stimulating factors
98
Helper T cell is:
activated when its antigen receptor combines with a displayed foreign antigen
99
Once activated, the Helper T cell stimulates ______ (plasma cell) to produce antibodies.
B cell
100
Another type of T cell is a cytotoxic T cell:
secrete perforins to lyse cells
101
Memory T cells come from:
cytotoxic T cells
102
Do memory T cells respond to initial exposure to a pathogen?
no, with subsequent exposures they turn back into cytotoxic T cells and attack pathogen
103
The only type of T cell that attacks pathogens is the:
cytotoxic t cell
104
______ cells help B-cells to proliferate by secreting cytokines.
Helper T cells
105
B cells differentiate further into______, which secrete ______, also known as ______.
plasma cells, antibodies, immunoglobulins
106
Body fluids carry antibodies, which react in various ways to destroy specific antigens. This response is called:
humoral immune response (humoral means fluid)
107
A single type of B cell carries information to produce a single type of antibody, TRUE OR FALSE:
true
108
B cells that don't become plasma cells that secrete antibodies become:
memory B cells, similar to memory T cells
109
Antibodies are soluble, globular proteins that constitute the ____ ______ fraction of plasma proteins.
gamma globulin
110
Each antibody molecule consists of ______
4 amino acid chains
111
How many major types of immunoglobulins are there?
5
112
Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant?
G
113
Immunoglobulin G is in _____. It is effective against _______.
plasma and tissue fluid.
bacteria, viruses and toxins,
also activates complement proteins
114
Anti-Rh antibodies are what category of antibodies?
G
115
Immunoglobulin A is in _______.
Exocrine gland secretions such as breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juices, bile and urine.
116
T cells diminish only slightly with increasing age, and numbers of B cells not at all. True or False?
True
