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Physiology > Chapter 14 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained in the cardiovascular system?

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

What is contained in the circulatory system?

A

heart, blood and blood vessels

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3
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the circulatory system?

A

transport, protection, regulation

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4
Q

How much blood do most adults have?

A

4-6 L

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5
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

liquid connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the ECM of blood?

A

plasma - clear, light yellow

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7
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

cells and cell fragments - RBC, WBC and platelets

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8
Q

Name all the formed elements in blood:

A

There are 7 types:

  1. erythrocytes
  2. platelets
  3. neutrophils
  4. eosinophils
  5. basophils
  6. Lymphocytes
  7. Monocytes
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9
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

ratio of RBC to whole blood

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10
Q

What are the heaviest cells in blood?

A

erythrocytes

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11
Q

What is most of blood?

A

plasma - 55% of whole blood

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12
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A
  • white blood cells and platelets
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13
Q

What is the liquid portion of blood? What is found in this liquid portion?

A

plasma -

proteins, gases, electrolytes, nitrogenous compounds

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14
Q

What is serum?

A

plasma with solids removed

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15
Q

How do serum and plasma compare?

A

serum is plasma without fibrinogens

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16
Q

Name the major categories of plasma proteins:

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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17
Q

What structure makes plasma proteins? What is the exception?

A

liver, immunoglobulins which are produced by plasma cells

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18
Q

Plasma also contains nutrients such as:

A

glucose, vitamins, fats, cholesterol, phospholipids

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19
Q

Name the gases in plasma:

A

O2, CO2, nitrogen

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20
Q

Most electrolytes in plasma are:

A

Na

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21
Q

Nitrogenous compounds in plasma include:

A

free amino acids from breakdown, nitrogenous wastes (urea), removed by kidneys

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22
Q

Resistance to flow is called:

A

viscosity

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23
Q

Whole blood is ____ times as viscous as water. Plasma is _____ as viscous as water.

A
  1. 5

2. 0

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24
Q

The total molarity in blood that can’t pass through blood vessel wall.

A

osmolarity

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25
Q

The smallest and most abundant of plasma proteins

A

albumins

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26
Q

Plasma proteins that provide immune system function

A

globulins

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27
Q

Plasma proteins that help form blood clots

A

fibrinogen

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28
Q

Plasma proteins that contribute to viscosity and osmolarity

A

albumins

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29
Q

If osmolarity is too high what happens to blood pressure?

A

blood pressure increases

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30
Q

If osmolarity is low what happens to blood pressure?

A

blood pressure drops and edema occurs in tissues

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31
Q

Production of blood is called? Where does this take place?

A

hemopoiesis

red bone marrow

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32
Q

What blood cells are produced in red bone marrow?

A

all seven formed elements

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33
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells? What’s another name for them?

A

in red marrow, form all elements, also called hemocytoblasts

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34
Q

What are the two principal functions of erythrocytes?

A
  • carry o2 from lungs to cell tissues

- pick up co2 from tissues to lungs

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35
Q

What is the shape of erythrocytes? Why are they shaped this way?

A
  • disc shaped

- increased surface area to volume ratio for gas diffusion

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36
Q

Describe erythrocytes:

A

no mitochondria, lack of nucleus and DNA as

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37
Q

What forms cytoskeleton proteins of RBC?

A

spectrin and actin

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38
Q

How do erythrocytes make ATP:

A

glycolysis (anaerobic fermentation)

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39
Q

1/3 of cytoplasm of RBC is what?

A

hemoglobin

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40
Q

Name another thing in RBC cytoplasm.

A
  • carbonic anhydrase

- produces carbonic acid which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate

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41
Q

What makes up hemoglobin molecules:

A
  • 4 proteins globins - two alpha and two beta chains binds co2
  • 4 heme groups - bind oxygen at ferrous ion core
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42
Q

What indicates amount of oxygen blood can carry?

A

RBC count and hemoglobin concentration

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43
Q

Why is hematocrit lower in women?

A
  • menstration, inversely proportional to body fat, androgens stimulate RBC production
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44
Q

What is the average lifespan of a RBC? How long does RBC development take?

A

120 days

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45
Q

Describe the development of RBC

A
  1. Hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cell)
  2. Erythrocyte CFU (first committed)
  3. Erythroblast - produce hemoglobin
  4. Reticulocyte - fine network of endoplasmic reticulum - degraded nucleus
  5. Erythrocyte -
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46
Q

What is the first committed cell in RBC development? What does this cell have?

A

erythrocyte colony-forming unit, has EPO receptors from kidneys

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47
Q

What cell of RBC development produces hemoglobin

A

erythroblast

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48
Q

What cell has nucleus fragments

A

reticulocytes

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49
Q

What is the first cell to enter blood?

A

reticulocyte

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50
Q

Drop in RBC leads to:

A

kidney hypoxemia, kidney produces EPO and RB increases

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51
Q

Name some stimuli for increasing RBC production:

A
  • low O2 levels, high altitude, increase in exercise, lung diseases
52
Q

RBC are degraded/lyses by:

A

liver and speen

53
Q

How is a RBC broken down by the spleen?

A

separate heme from globins, globins become amino acids, iron and heme separated. Heme converted to biliverdin then bilirubin (yellow).
then small intestine and becomes brown urobilinogen

54
Q

When iron is recycled where is it stored?

A

liver as ferritin

55
Q

What is the disorder called of too many RBC:

A

polycythemia

56
Q

What are the types of polycythemia:

A

primary - cancer

secondary - dehydration, lung disease, high altitude

57
Q

What are the dangers of polycythemia:

A

increased blood volume, pressure and viscosity

58
Q

What is low RBC or low hemoglobin?

A

anemia

59
Q

What type of anemia involves lack of iron?

A

iron-deficiency anemia

60
Q

What type of anemia involves lack of B12

A

pernicious anemia

61
Q

What type of anemia involves red bone marrow destroyed

A

aplastic anemia

62
Q

What type of anemia involves RBC destroyed too early:

A

hemolytic anemia

63
Q

What are the consequences of anemia?

A
  • tissue hypoxia and necrosis
  • blood osmolarity is reduced leading to edema in tissues
  • low viscosity heart races and pressure drops
64
Q

What happens in sickle-cell disease?

A

hemoglobin defect that causes 6th amino acid mutation and Hbs dont bind oxygen well, RBC become rigid sticky and pointed

65
Q

What determines blood type?

A

antigens found on RBC surface called agglutinogens, develop an immune response

66
Q

Blood also contains antibodies called:

A

gamma and immunoglobulins secreted by plasma cells - agglutinins

67
Q

What is it called when antigens bind to antibodies? What happens in the blood?

A

agglutination, clumping of RBC

68
Q

What are the types of antigens?

A

A&B

69
Q

What are the types of antibodies?

A

anti-A and anti-B

70
Q

What does a person with type A blood have? What about type B?

A
  • type A has A antigens and antibody B

- type B has B antigens and antibody A

71
Q

What is the most common blood type?

A

type O, no antigens

72
Q

What is the rarest blood type?

A

AB, has both A and B antigens but no antibodies

73
Q

Why is transfusion reaction dangerous?

A

blood clumps and can clog small blood vessels, hemoglobin released and leads to kidney failure

74
Q

What blood lacks antigens?

A

Type O, but has both antibodies

75
Q

Universal recipient is:

A

type AB, no plasma antibodies

76
Q

What agglutinogens discovered in monkeys?

A

Rh

77
Q

What is the most reactive Rh?

A

Rh D, if have D then positive, if lack than negative

78
Q

What happens if Rh- individual is exposed to Rh+ blood?

A

develop anti-D antibodies

79
Q

How can Rh be dangerous to fetus? And how do you prevent this?

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn. Rh- woman with anti-D antibodies with a second Rh+ child, the anti-D antibodies can cross the placenta and hurt the child- lead to anemia and toxic brain syndrome. Give pregnant women RhoGAM which binds agglutinogens so she will not form anti-D antibodies

80
Q

What is the least abundant formed element in blood?

A

white blood cells

81
Q

Describe features of white blood cells in general? Nucleus?

A

They have formed nuclei, retain organelles for protein synthesis

82
Q

What are the categories of white blood cells or leukocytes?

A
  • granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

- agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

83
Q

Describe neutrophils:

A
  • 3-5 lobed nucelus

- phagocytize bacteria

84
Q

Describe Eosinophils:

A
  • bilobed orange nucleus

- phagocytize antigens/antibodies and destroy large parasites

85
Q

What is the most abundant WBC

A

neutrophils

86
Q

Describe basophils:

A

large violet granules
s-shaped nucleus
secrete histamine and heparin

87
Q

Describe lymphocytes:

A
  • uniform dark violet round nucleus
  • coordinate action of other cells
  • immune memory, can last for years for immunity
  • developed in thymus
  • destroy cells
88
Q

Describe monocytes:

A
  • largest WBC
  • horseshoe shaped nucleus
  • leave bloodstream and become macrophages
  • antigen presenting cells
89
Q

Myeloblasts form what cells:

A

granuloctyes

90
Q

Monoblasts form:

A

monocytes

91
Q

Lymphoblasts give rise to:

A

lymphoctyes

92
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes complete development?

A

thymus

93
Q

Low WBC count is called:

A

leukopenia, caused by radiation, poisons, infectious diseases

94
Q

High WBC count:

A

Leukocytosis - allergy, disease, infection

95
Q

Cancer of hemopoietic tissues leading to high number of WBC

A

leukemia

96
Q

CBC consists of:

A

hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, RBC size, total RBC, reticulocytes, differential WBC count,

97
Q

The cessation of bleeding is called:

A

hemostasis

98
Q

Platelets are small fragments that form from:

A

megakaryocytes

99
Q

What are the 3 hemostatic mechanisms?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug
  3. blood clotting
100
Q

What do platelets do?

A

form platelet plugs and secrete procoagulants, secrete growth factors and attract WBC to the area

101
Q

What is the formation of platelets called?

A

thrombopoiesis

102
Q

How are Megakaryocytes formed?

A

stem cells that develop receptors for thrombopoietin

103
Q

Describe Megakaryoctyes

A

replicate DNA but do not divide, therefore form huge cells with mulitlobed nucleus
and long cytoplasmic tendrils called proplatelets that protrude into blood sinusoids. circulate freely for 10 days, stored in spleen

104
Q

Where do Megakaryoctyes live?

A

bone marrow adjacent to blood sinusoids

105
Q

What happens in vascular spasm?

A

prompt constriction of broken vessel

106
Q

What can cause vascular spasm?

A
  • pain receptors
  • smooth muscle injury
  • platelets release serotonin (vasoconstrictor)
107
Q

What are some effects of vascular spasms? Compare the timeline of pain receptor mediated vs. smooth muscle injury mediated:

A

pain receptors - short duration

Smooth muscle injury - longer duration

108
Q

Do all 3 hemostasis pathways involve platelets?

A

YES

109
Q

Describe platelet plug formation:

A

broken vessel exposes collagen, platelet pseudopods stick to damaged vessel and other platelets forming a plug
- platelets then degranulate releasing various vasoconstrictive substances

110
Q

Are platelets involved in positive or negative feedback cycle? And when does the cycle stop?

A

positive, stops when break in vessel is sealed

111
Q

Describe clotting/coagulation:

A

most effective defense against bleeding,

  • fibrinogen turns into fibrin threads to form framework of a clot
  • liver produces clotting factors that activate in a reaction cascade
112
Q

Coagulation involves a clotting pathway. Describe the steps of this pathway:

A

factor X –> prothrombin activator —> thrombin –> fibrin

-positive feedback

113
Q

How long for clot retraction to occur?

A

30 minutes

114
Q

What happens after a clot to heal the tissue?

A

platelet-derived growth factor secretes by platelets and endothelial cells which is a mitotic stimulant for fibroblasts and smooth muscle to multiply and repair the tissue/vessel

115
Q

What is the dissolution of a clot?

A

fibrinolysis (fibrin in the clot material and lysis mean break up)

116
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

hereditary diseases with deficiencies of blood clotting factors

117
Q

What is hemophilia A? What is hemophilia B? C?

A

missing factor VIII
missing factor IX
missing factor XI

118
Q

How do you treat hemophilia?

A

inject plasma or clotting factors. VIII can be produced by transgenic bacteria

119
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

masses of clots, too much clotting

120
Q

What is abnormal clotting called?

A

thrombosis

121
Q

What is another name for a clot?

A

thrombus

122
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

clot that breaks free from vein and travels to lungs

123
Q

What is infarction?

A

tissue death, clot breaks blood supply to organ

124
Q

What are some ways to prevent clots?

A

Vitamin K antagonist since vitamin K is required to make clotting factors - coumarin, warfarin, also can use aspirin (thromboxane)

125
Q

What are some natural anticoagulants?

A

Heparin (from basophils) and mast cells as well as antithrombin which deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen to make fibrin.

Physiology (6 decks)

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