Chapter 13 - Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 types of communication mechanisms between cells?
A
gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines and hormones
2
Q
What type of glands have ducts?
A
exocrine
3
Q
What type of glands secrete onto the mucus membrane of the digestive tract?
A
exocrine
4
Q
What type of glands have fenestrated capillary networks?
A
endocrine
5
Q
Give examples of 2 organs that defy the rigid classifications
A
liver - hormones, bile into ducts and non hormones such as albumin. sex organs also!
6
Q
What system has a more widespread affect? Nervous vs. endocrine
A
Endocrine
7
Q
Name 3 chemicals that function as both hormones and neurotransmitters
A
norepinephrine, dopamine and ADH
8
Q
What structure forms the floor and walls of the third ventricle of the brain?
A
hypothalamus
9
Q
The pituitary gland is found where?
A
sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
10
Q
The pituitary gland is suspended from a stalk called the ______.
A
Infundibulum
11
Q
Name the anterior and posterior parts of the pituitary gland.
A
adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
12
Q
What lobe of pituitary is bigger?
A
anterior
13
Q
Primary capillaries are located in the hypothalamus or the pituitary?
A
hypothalamus
14
Q
How many hormones does hypothalamus release/synthesize?
A
8
15
Q
How do hormones from the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary?
A
hypophyseal portal system
16
Q
What kind of tissue makes up the neurohypophysis?
A
nerve tissue
17
Q
How do hormones get from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?
A
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
18
Q
How many hormones regulate the anterior pituitary?
A
6
19
Q
How many hormones regulate the posterior pituitary/stored there?
A
2
20
Q
Name the 6 releasing and inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland
A
TRH GnRH CRH GHRH PIH Somatostatin
21
Q
What are the 2 inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus?
A
somatostatin (GHIH) and PIH (dopamine)
22
Q
What 2 hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus and then stored in the posterior pituitary?
A
OT, ADH (vasopressin)
23
Q
What does TRH do?
A
promotes TSH and PRL
24
Q
What does CRH do?
A
ACTH
25
What does GnRH do?
FSH and LH
26
What does GHRH do?
GH
27
What does PIH do?
Inhibits PRL release
28
What does somatostatin do? (from hypothalamus)
inhibits GH and TSH
29
Name the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland:
TSH, PRL, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH
30
Stimulation of the PVN leads to what hormone being released from the posterior pituitary?
OT
31
Stimulation of the SON leads to what hormone being released from the posterior pituitary?
ADH (vasopressin)
32
What does ADH do to urine volume and water retention?
Decrease urine volume and increases water retention!
33
Name the 3 effects of GH?
1. Increased protein synthesis
2. Increased fat catabolism
3. sparing glucose for brain and releasing more glucose from the liver
34
What gland is attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle?
pineal gland
35
What gland may influence the timing of puberty?
Pineal gland
36
Where is the thymus located?
mediastinum superior to the heart
37
What is the thymus a site of?
T-cell maturation
38
What is the largest gland that is purely endocrine?
thyroid
39
What color is the thyroid?
darkish brown
40
Thyroid is made up of:
follicles
41
Follicle cells are filled with:
colloid
42
Follicles are lined by what type of cells?
follicular cells- simple cuboidal
43
What cells are in the thyroid besides the follicular cells?
The parafollicular cells
44
The parafollicular cells secrete what substance?
calcitonin
45
What effect does calcitonin have?
reduces blood calcium, stimulates osteoblasts
46
How many parathyroid glands are there usually?
4
47
What does PTH do? Name 4 effects for full points!!!!
1. Promotes synthesis of calcitriol
2. Increases absorption of calcium
3. Decreases urinary excretion of calcium
4. Increases bone resportion
48
What glands sit on top of kidneys?
Adrenal glands
49
Describe how adrenal cortex and medulla are developed
from different origins and functions - merged
50
The inner core of the adrenals is the:
medulla
51
The inner core of the adrenals makes up what percent of the overall adrenal?
10-20%
52
The adrenal medulla acts as both a _______ and ______>
endocrine gland
| ganglion of sympathetic nervous system
53
The medulla consists of cells that are called:
chromaffin cells
54
What are chromaffin cells?
sympathetic postganglionic neurons that secrete catecholamines!
55
What are the 3 catecholamines?
epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
56
Catecholamines have what effects on the body?
boost alertness, prepare fuel so thus boost glucose levels, epinephrine inhibits insulin and thus spares glucose, increased blood pressure, decreases digestion and urine production
57
What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?
1. zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone
2. Zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids such as cortisol
3. Zona reticularis - secretes sex steroids
58
What layer of the adrenal cortex is the thickest?
zona fasciculata - the middle layer
59
Pancreas contains what type of cells?
islets
60
What do the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete and what effect does this hormone have?
glucagon, increases blood glucose and fat catabolism
61
What do beta cells secrete and what effect does this substance have?
insulin, reduces blood glucose, leads to synthesis of glycogen, fat and protein
62
What 4 organs/cells absorb glucose without insulin?
liver, kidney, RBC, brain
63
What do Delta cells secrete and what does this hormone do?
somatostatin, inhibits glucagon and insulin
64
Name 6 hormones that increase blood glucose:
glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisone, cortisol, GH
65
What are the exocrine product of ovaries and testes?
egg and sperm
66
What are the endocrine product of ovaries and testes?
sex hormones
67
Name the 3 ovarian hormones:
estradiol, progesterone, inhibin
68
Name 3 testicular hormones:
testosterone, estrogen, inhibin
69
Describe an follicle in the ovary:
egg surrounded by GRANULOSA cells and a capsule called a theca
70
The theca cells synthesize _______ which is converted to mainly ______ by granulosa cells.
androstendione, estradiol
71
After ovulation the remains of the follicle becomes:
corpus luteum
72
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
progesterone and inhibin
73
What does inhibin do?
suppresses FSH secretion from ant. pit.
74
What structure(s) produce sperm in the testes?
seminiferous tubules
75
Tubule walls of seminiferous tubules contain what kind of cells?
sertoli cells - single cells
76
In between the seminiferous tubules are the ______ cells
leydig cells - clusters
77
Leydig cells do what?
produce hormones such as testosterone
78
Sertoli cells do what?
help sperm develop and secrete inhibin
79
Again what does inhibin do?
limits FSH secretion!
80
In the skin keratinocytes convert cholesterol-like steroid into:
cholecalciferol using UV from the sun
81
How does liver play into the production of vitamin D?
Converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol
82
What hormones/substances does the liver secrete?
- angiotensinogen (precursor of angio" 1)
| - 15% of EPO
83
What are the hormones/substances that the kidneys play a role in?
- calcitriol (Active form of vit. D
- renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
- 85% of EPO (Stimulates red blood cells!)
84
How is angiotensin II created?
enzymes in the lungs
85
What hormone(s) does the heart secrete and what does it do?
ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide in response to high blood pressure! decreased blood volume and blood pressure by increases water and electrolyte output
86
How many hormones do stomach and small intestines secrete about?
10
87
The placenta secretes what?
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
88
What are the classes of hormones?
steroids, monoamines and peptides
89
What are steroids derived from?
cholesterol
90
Name the steroid hormones:
sex hormones and corticosteroids like cortisol
91
What are monoamines made from?
amino acids
92
Name the monoamine hormones:
catecholamines, melatonin and thyroid hormone
93
What are peptides and glycoproteins made from
chains of amino acids
94
Name peptide/glycoprotein hormones:
pituitary, hypothalamus, insulin and glucagon
95
How many carbon rings do steroids have?
4
96
How do steroids differ from one another?
functional groups attached to the 4 carbon backbone
97
Most monoamines and peptides are:
hydrophilic - like water
98
Name hydrophobic hormones:
steroids and TH
99
How do steroids cross the membrane?
with transport proteins such as albumins and globulins
100
Do bound hormones have a shorter or longer half-life than unbound hormones?
longer - transport proteins protect from breakdown
101
Where can hormone receptors be found in regards to a cell?
membrane and in the nucleus
102
How do peptide hormones interact with cells?
bind to surface receptor - g-protein coupled and second messengers
103
How do steroid hormone interact with cells?
penetrate plasma membrane and bind to internal receptors in the nucleus where they influence gene expression
104
Do steroids act quick or slow?
slow due to delay for protein synthesis
105
Describe steps of g-protein coupled receptor signaling
1. Hormone bind to cell
2. G protein activated
3. Adenylate cyclase activated
4. cAMP produced
5. cAMP activates protein kinases
6. Kinases phosphorylate enzymes and then downstream effects
106
What enzyme breaks down cAMP?
phosphodiesterase
107
Name an example of a synergistic effect:
FSH and testosterone on sperm production
108
Name an example of permissive effect:
estrogen prepares uterus for progesterone
109
Name antagonistic effect:
insulin vs. glucagon
110
Most hormones are degraded by what organs?
kidney and liver
111
Rate of hormone removal from blood is called:
metabolic clearance rate
112
The faster the MCR the ______ the half-life.
shorter!
113
Diabetes insipidus involves what?
less ADH, leading to more urination and electrolyte imbalances
114
Pheochromocytoma
tumor of the adrenal medulla
115
toxic goiter
too much TH secretion from antibodies
116
Endemic goiter is causes by what?
iodine deficiency
117
What causes hypoparathyroidism?
thyroidectomy complication, can involve tetany from too low of calcium
118
Hyperparathyroidism is causes by what and what does it involve?
too high calcium, tumor
119
Too much cortisol leads to?
cushings syndrome
120
AGS - adrenogenital syndrome involves what?
enlargement of external sex organs and masculinizing effects on women
