Chapter 15 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards
1
Q
How much blood is pumped through the body each day?
A
7000 liters
2
Q
How many times does the heart contract in an average lifetime?
A
2.5 billion times
3
Q
What makes up the cardiovascular system?
A
heart and blood vessels
4
Q
Name the 2 circuits of the blood vessels:
A
- pulmonary circuit
- systemic circuit
5
Q
Describe the heart:
A
hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump
6
Q
Name the 4 chambers of the heart:
A
2 atria , 2 ventricles
7
Q
What do the atria do?
A
blood storage
8
Q
What do the ventricles do?
A
pump blood
9
Q
Does the heart change with body size?
A
varies with body size
10
Q
What cavity does the heart lie in?
A
thoracic cavity
11
Q
Where does the heart lie in terms of the diaphragm?
A
above
12
Q
The base of the heart is which part of the heart? Top of bottom anatomically?
A
top
13
Q
Where does the base lie?
A
beneath the 2nd rib
14
Q
Where is the apex of the heart?
A
5th intercostal space
15
Q
What is the covering of the heart called?
A
pericardium
16
Q
Name the layers of the pericardium:
A
- Fibrous
- Visceral
- Parietal
17
Q
Name the layers of the wall of the heart:
A
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
18
Q
What does cardiac muscle have that is special?
A
striated, branched, intercalated discs, single nucleus
19
Q
Describe the epicardium:
A
connective tissue, serous membrane - outer cover, secretes serous fluid
20
Q
Describe the Myocardium
A
cardiac muscle tissue, contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers
21
Q
Describe the Endocardium
A
membrane of epithelial that forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves
22
Q
Where does blood enter the heart?
A
right atrium
23
Q
Where does the heart receive blood (to be pumped to the body) from, what structures/vessels?
A
- inferior vena cava
- superior vena cava
- coronary sinus
24
Q
Where does the heart tissue get blood for nourishment (not pump)?
A
- coronary arteries, branch of aorta
25
What is a heart attack?
MI, interruption of blood supply to the heart from a clot, death of cardiac cells,
26
What is a natural protection from heart attacks?
arterial anastomoses which provide alternate route of blood flow (collateral circulation)
27
What is chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow?
angina pectoris - ischemia of heart muscle, myocardium shifts to anaerobic fermentation, producing lactic acid and thus stimulating pain
28
Where does blood get sent in the pulmonary circuit?
oxygen-poor blood is sent to the lungs to get oxygen and unload co2
29
Can the heart be considered 1 or 2 pumps?
2 pumps
30
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood?
lungs (pulmonary circuit)
31
Where does the left side of the heart pump blood?
body (systemic circuit)
32
Where is the heart located in the thorax?
in the mediastinum, above the diaphragm
33
Where can you feel the apical heartbeat?
5th and 6th ribs to the left of the midline
34
What encloses the heart?
pericardium
35
What is the double layer serous membrane that covers the heart?
parietal and visceral pericardium
36
What is the fibrous pericardium made of?
dense connective tissue
37
What structures does the fibrous pericardium attach to?
sternum, vertebral column, diaphragm, heart blood vessels
38
What is the space between the parietal and visceral serous layers?
pericardial cavity
39
What is contained in the pericardial cavity?
serous fluid
40
What is the function of the serous fluid?
reduce friction between the pericardial membranes as the heart moves within them
41
What are the 3 distinct layers of the heart?
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium (innermost)
42
What is the epicardium also known as?
visceral pericardium
43
Describe the epicardium:
- connective tissue and epithelium, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers, deeply layers have fat,
44
Describe the myocardium:
thick, cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers,
45
Describe the endocardium:
epithelium and connective tissue. many elastic and collagen fibers. Covers purkinjie fibers
46
What layer of the heart lines all the heart chambers and covers the structures such as the valves?
endocardium
47
Atria receive blood _______ (to) the heart. (returning/leaving)
returning
48
Atria have ______ that increase surface area:
auricles
49
Name the 2 septums in the heart:
interatrial septum (Separates atria) and interventricular septum (separates ventricles)
50
Through which structure does the atrium on each side communicate with the ventricle below it?
atrioventricular orifice
51
The AV orifice is guarded by what?
AV valve
52
There are also 2 sulci on the surface of the heart. Name them and what they separate:
1. atrioventricular sulcus - separates atria and ventricles (encircles the heart - ring around the middle horizontally)
2. interventricular sulci - separates ventricles
53
Where does the right atrium receive blood?
1. superior vena cava
2. inferior vena cava
3. coronary sinus (from the myocardium of the heart)
54
Where does coronary sinus blood come from when it drains in the right atrium?
myocardium
55
When blood pressure is greater on the atrial side what happens to the tricuspid valve?
it folds out of the way to let blood flow to the ventricle (passively)
56
When blood pressure is greater on the ventricle side what happens to the tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
it closes to block backflow of blood (passively)
57
What are the strong fibrous strings called in the heart?
chordae tendineae
58
Where do the chrodae tendineae originate?
papillary muscles
59
When do the papillary muscles contract?
when the ventricles contract, preventing backflow. when the atria fill up and push blood to the ventricles, the AV valves are passivley open
60
Do the semilunar valves have chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?
NO! Only the AV valves have these structures
61
How many cusps do the semilunar valves have?
3
62
What constitutes the skeleton of the heart?
rings of dense connective tissue
63
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs, after leaving the pulmonary trunk?
capillaries and air in the alveoli
64
REMEMBER: WHEN VALVES CONTRACT WHEN THE _____
VENTRICLE WALLS CONTRACT
65
What vessels supply blood to the heart?
left and right coronary arteries
66
Small branches of coronary arteries have connections (anastomoes) between vessels that provide alternate pathways for blood called ________.
collateral circulation.
| Provide circulation when coronary artery is blocked
67
In most body parts, blood flow in arteries peaks during ___________.
ventricular contraction
68
Blood flow in the vessels of the myocardium is poorest during _________.
ventricular contraction. Muscle fibers of the myocardium compress nearby vessels as they contract, interfering with blood flow.
69
Contraction of the heart chambers is called:
systole
70
relaxation of the heart chambers is called:
diastole
71
Complete heartbeat is a cardiac ______.
cycle
72
Valves open due to ______
pressure differences
73
"Lubb-dubb" is due to:
vibrations in the heart tissues
74
heart sounds indicate the condition of _____
heart valves
75
lubb occurs during ____________.
ventricular systole
76
dubb occurs during ________.
ventricle diastole
77
What is it called when blood leaks back into valve:
murmur
78
What 2 vessels carry blood away from the heart?
arteries and arterioles
79
Which are thinner arteries or arterioles?
arterioles
80
Name the 3 layers of artery:
1. tunica interna - simple squamous endothelium and connective tissue- can secrete substances to dilate or constrict blood vessels as well as prevent clotting
2. tunica media - makes up bulk of wall, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue
3. tunica externa - connective tissue with irregular elastic and collagen fibers
81
______ stimulate the smooth muscle to contract
vasomotor fibers
82
The walls of arterioles have 3 layers similar to arterioles but the middle and outer layers:
thin as approach the capillaries
83
Arterioles give off branches called _______ that join capillaries.
metarterioles
84
In some places metarterioles can connect directly with venous pathways without going through capillaries. these connections are called:
arteriovenous shunts
85
What are capillaries made of:
single layer of squamous epithelial cells
86
Capillaries in smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle have _____ openings than capillaries in the kidneys, small intestine and endocrine glands.
smaller openings!
87
Capillaries with the largest openings include those of the: l
liver, spleen and red bone marrow
88
The higher a tissue's rate of metabolism, the ______ its capillary networks:
denser
89
What is the name of the smooth muscle around capillaries:
precapillary sphincter
90
_____ is the most important means of transfer between the blood and tissue fluid.
diffusion
91
What type of substances can pass through capillary membranes?
lipid-soluble such as oxygen, co2 and others
92
How can non-lipid substances get through capillary membranes?
channels
93
What substances usually stay in the capillaries?
plasma proteins
94
Blood pressure is greater closer/farther to the heart
closer due to less friction
95
Plasma proteins create ______ pressure that draws water into capillaries.
osmotic
96
The term _____ _____ ______ describes this osmotic effect due to plasma proteins.
colloid osmotic pressure
97
What force helps filtration in capillaries?
blood pressure from constricting blood vessel walls
98
After arterioles drain to capillaries _____ attach.
venules
99
Veins have a larger/smaller lumen
larger
100
Veins can also function as blood _______, which are useful in times of blood loss.
reservoirs
