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KES 261 Exercise Anatomy& Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

Filters 200L of blood daily
Regulate volume and makeup of blood
Maintain proper balance between water & salts AND acids & base

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2
Q

What are the other functions of the kidney?

A

Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting
Activation of vitamin D
Production of erythropoietin and renin

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3
Q

What is the function of renin?

A

To regulate blood pressure

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4
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

To regulate red blood cell production

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5
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A

Paired ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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6
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine

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7
Q

What is the function of urethra?

A

Transports urine from the bladder out of the body

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8
Q

What is the function of the paired ureters?

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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9
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

In a retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region

It extends approximately from T12 to L3 vertebrae

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10
Q

Why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney?

A

Because it is crowded by the liver

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11
Q

What is the shape of the lateral and medial side of the kidney?

A

Lateral surface is convex

Medial surface is concave

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12
Q

Where does the ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit?

A

Hilus

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13
Q

What are the three layers of tissue in the kidney?

A

renal fascia
perirenal fat capsule (adipose capsule)
fibrous capsule

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14
Q

What is the function of the renal capsule?

A

Fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection

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15
Q

What is the function of adipose capsule?

A

Fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall

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16
Q

What is the function of renal fascia?

A

outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney

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17
Q

What are the three internal parts of the kidney?

A

Cortex
Medulla
(Renal) Pelvis

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18
Q

What are calyses?

A

large branches of the renal pelvis

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19
Q

What are the function of calyses?

A

Collect urine draining the papillae

Empty urine into the pelvis

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20
Q

What is the nerve supply in the kidney?

A

Renal plexus

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21
Q

How much systemic cardiac output flows through the kidney each minute?

A

Approximately one fourth (1200 mL) per minute

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22
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Structural and functional unit of the kidneys that form urine

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23
Q

What is nephrons consists of:

A

Glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Renal corpuscle
Glomerular endothelium

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24
Q

What is the function of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

Reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it

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25
Q

What is proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

Composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria
Part of the renal tubule

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26
Q

What is the Loop of Henle?

A

a hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule

27
Q

What is distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

A

Cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption

28
Q

What are the two type of cells that can be found in connecting tubules?

A

intercalated cells

principal cells

29
Q

What is the function of the intercalated cells?

A

Functions in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body

30
Q

What is the function of the principal cells?

A

Help maintain the body’s water and salt balance

31
Q

What is the function of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Production of concentrated urine

32
Q

What are the two capillary bed of every nephron?

A

Glomerulus

Peritubular capillaries

33
Q

What are the mechanisms of urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
34
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

“dumping into the waste container”

takes place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free filtrate

35
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

“reclaiming what the body needs to keep”

is the process of selectively moving substances from the filtrate back into the blood

36
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion takes place?

A

Renal tubules and collecting ducts

37
Q

What happens to the things that are not reabsorbed in the tubular reabsorption?

A

It becomes urine

38
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

“selectively adding to the waste container”

is the process of selectively moving substances from the blood into the filtrate.

39
Q

Net filtration pressure equation

A

NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc)

HPg = glomerular hydrostatic pressure
OPg = oncotic pressure of glomerular blood
HPc = capsular hydrostatic pressure
40
Q

If the GFR is too high

A

Needed substance cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine

41
Q

If the GFR is too low

A

Everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of

42
Q

Three mechanisms control the GFR

A

Renal autoregulation
Neural controls
Hormonal mechanism

43
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is at rest:

A

Renal blood vessels are maximally dilated

Autoregulation mechanisms prevail

44
Q

How does adenosine affects glomerular filtration?

A

Vasoconstrictor of renal vasculature

45
Q

Substances are not reabsorbed if they:

A

Lack carriers
Are not lipid soluble
Are too large to pass through membrane pores

46
Q

Loop of Henle reabsorbs ______ in the descending limb

A

Water, sodium, chlorine, potassium

47
Q

Loop of Henle reabsorbs ____ in the ascending limb

A

Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium

48
Q

Substances reabsorbed in the PCT include:

A

Sodium, all nutrients, cations, anions, water
Urea and lipid-soluble solutes
Small proteins

49
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) absorbs:

A

Calcium, sodium, hydrogen, potassium, water, bicarbonate, chlorine

50
Q

Collecting ducts absorbs:

A

Water and urea

51
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) does what?

A

Reduces blood sodium

52
Q

What does ANP does to the blood?

A

Decreases blood volume

Lowers blood pressure

53
Q

How does ANP lower blood sodium?

A

Acts directly on medullary ducts to inhibit sodium reabsorption
Counters the effect of angiotensin II

54
Q

Tubular secretion is important for:

A

Disposing substances not filtrated
Eliminates undesirable substances such as urea & uric acid
Ridding the body of excess potassium ions
Controlling blood pH

55
Q

What is osmolality?

A

The number of solute particles dissolved in 1L of water

Reflects the solutions’s ability to cause osmosis

56
Q

Chemicals that enhance the urinary output include:

A

Any substance not reabsorbed
Substances that exceed the ability of the renal tubules to reabsorb it
Substances that inhibit sodium reabsorption

57
Q

Examples of diuretics

A

High glucose levels
Alcohol
Caffeine & most diuretic drugs
Lasix and diuril

58
Q

Renal clearance equation

A 
RC = UV/P
RC= renal clearance rate
U = concentration (mg/ml) of a substance in urine
V = flow rate of urine formation (ml/min)
P = concentration of the same substance in plasma
59
Q

What does cloudy urine indicate?

A

Cloudy urine might indicate infection of the urinary tract

60
Q

What can affect the color of the urine?

A

Urochrome

Drugs, vitamin supplements, and diet

61
Q

pH range of urine

A

Slightly acidic (pH 6) with a range of 4.5 to 8.0

62
Q

Specific gravity of urine?

A

Ranges from 1.001 to 1.035

Is dependent on solute concentration

63
Q

Chemical composition of urine

A

95% water and 5% solutes

Nitrogenous wastes include urea, uric acid, and creatinine

KES 261 Exercise Anatomy& Physiology (7 decks)

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