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KES 261 Exercise Anatomy& Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

Filters 200L of blood daily
Regulate volume and makeup of blood
Maintain proper balance between water & salts AND acids & base

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2
Q

What are the other functions of the kidney?

A

Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting
Activation of vitamin D
Production of erythropoietin and renin

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3
Q

What is the function of renin?

A

To regulate blood pressure

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4
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

To regulate red blood cell production

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5
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A

Paired ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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6
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine

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7
Q

What is the function of urethra?

A

Transports urine from the bladder out of the body

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8
Q

What is the function of the paired ureters?

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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9
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

In a retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region

It extends approximately from T12 to L3 vertebrae

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10
Q

Why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney?

A

Because it is crowded by the liver

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11
Q

What is the shape of the lateral and medial side of the kidney?

A

Lateral surface is convex

Medial surface is concave

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12
Q

Where does the ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit?

A

Hilus

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13
Q

What are the three layers of tissue in the kidney?

A

renal fascia
perirenal fat capsule (adipose capsule)
fibrous capsule

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14
Q

What is the function of the renal capsule?

A

Fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection

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15
Q

What is the function of adipose capsule?

A

Fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall

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16
Q

What is the function of renal fascia?

A

outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney

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17
Q

What are the three internal parts of the kidney?

A

Cortex
Medulla
(Renal) Pelvis

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18
Q

What are calyses?

A

large branches of the renal pelvis

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19
Q

What are the function of calyses?

A

Collect urine draining the papillae

Empty urine into the pelvis

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20
Q

What is the nerve supply in the kidney?

A

Renal plexus

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21
Q

How much systemic cardiac output flows through the kidney each minute?

A

Approximately one fourth (1200 mL) per minute

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22
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Structural and functional unit of the kidneys that form urine

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23
Q

What is nephrons consists of:

A

Glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Renal corpuscle
Glomerular endothelium

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24
Q

What is the function of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

Reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it

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25
What is proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria Part of the renal tubule
26
What is the Loop of Henle?
a hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule
27
What is distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?
Cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption
28
What are the two type of cells that can be found in connecting tubules?
intercalated cells | principal cells
29
What is the function of the intercalated cells?
Functions in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body
30
What is the function of the principal cells?
Help maintain the body's water and salt balance
31
What is the function of juxtamedullary nephrons?
Production of concentrated urine
32
What are the two capillary bed of every nephron?
Glomerulus | Peritubular capillaries
33
What are the mechanisms of urine formation?
1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion
34
What is glomerular filtration?
"dumping into the waste container" | takes place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free filtrate
35
What is tubular reabsorption?
"reclaiming what the body needs to keep" | is the process of selectively moving substances from the filtrate back into the blood
36
Where does tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion takes place?
Renal tubules and collecting ducts
37
What happens to the things that are not reabsorbed in the tubular reabsorption?
It becomes urine
38
What is tubular secretion?
"selectively adding to the waste container" | is the process of selectively moving substances from the blood into the filtrate.
39
Net filtration pressure equation
NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc) ``` HPg = glomerular hydrostatic pressure OPg = oncotic pressure of glomerular blood HPc = capsular hydrostatic pressure ```
40
If the GFR is too high
Needed substance cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine
41
If the GFR is too low
Everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of
42
Three mechanisms control the GFR
Renal autoregulation Neural controls Hormonal mechanism
43
When the sympathetic nervous system is at rest:
Renal blood vessels are maximally dilated | Autoregulation mechanisms prevail
44
How does adenosine affects glomerular filtration?
Vasoconstrictor of renal vasculature
45
Substances are not reabsorbed if they:
Lack carriers Are not lipid soluble Are too large to pass through membrane pores
46
Loop of Henle reabsorbs ______ in the descending limb
Water, sodium, chlorine, potassium
47
Loop of Henle reabsorbs ____ in the ascending limb
Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium
48
Substances reabsorbed in the PCT include:
Sodium, all nutrients, cations, anions, water Urea and lipid-soluble solutes Small proteins
49
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) absorbs:
Calcium, sodium, hydrogen, potassium, water, bicarbonate, chlorine
50
Collecting ducts absorbs:
Water and urea
51
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) does what?
Reduces blood sodium
52
What does ANP does to the blood?
Decreases blood volume | Lowers blood pressure
53
How does ANP lower blood sodium?
Acts directly on medullary ducts to inhibit sodium reabsorption Counters the effect of angiotensin II
54
Tubular secretion is important for:
Disposing substances not filtrated Eliminates undesirable substances such as urea & uric acid Ridding the body of excess potassium ions Controlling blood pH
55
What is osmolality?
The number of solute particles dissolved in 1L of water | Reflects the solutions's ability to cause osmosis
56
Chemicals that enhance the urinary output include:
Any substance not reabsorbed Substances that exceed the ability of the renal tubules to reabsorb it Substances that inhibit sodium reabsorption
57
Examples of diuretics
High glucose levels Alcohol Caffeine & most diuretic drugs Lasix and diuril
58
Renal clearance equation
``` RC = UV/P RC= renal clearance rate U = concentration (mg/ml) of a substance in urine V = flow rate of urine formation (ml/min) P = concentration of the same substance in plasma ```
59
What does cloudy urine indicate?
Cloudy urine might indicate infection of the urinary tract
60
What can affect the color of the urine?
Urochrome | Drugs, vitamin supplements, and diet
61
pH range of urine
Slightly acidic (pH 6) with a range of 4.5 to 8.0
62
Specific gravity of urine?
Ranges from 1.001 to 1.035 | Is dependent on solute concentration
63
Chemical composition of urine
95% water and 5% solutes | Nitrogenous wastes include urea, uric acid, and creatinine

KES 261 Exercise Anatomy& Physiology (7 decks)

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