Urinary System

Question 1

ureter

Answer 1

tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

Question 2

urethra

Answer 2

tube that transfers urine from bladder to outside of body

Question 3

kidney

Answer 3

regulates the amount of water and dissolved substances that are removed from and returned to the blood
filters 180 L of plasma per day

Question 4

bladder

Answer 4

temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body

Question 5

nephron

Answer 5

responsible for the formation of urine
made of 2 parts: the renal corpuscle & renal tubule
the functional unit of the kidney
-filters blood
-reabsorbs substances
-secretes substances

Question 6

glomerulus

Answer 6

a network of capillaries that perform the first step of filtering blood

Question 7

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 7

sac that surrounds the glomerulus

Question 8

loop of henle

Answer 8

where reabsorption occurs

Question 9

afferent arteriole

Answer 9

tube where blood comes into glomerulus to be filtered

Question 10

efferent arteriole

Answer 10

tube where blood goes out of glomerulus after it has been filtered

Question 11

proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 11

where tubular reabsorption occurs

Question 12

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 12

responsible for reabsorption of water and sodium

responsible for secretion of potassium

Question 13

collecting duct

Answer 13

tubes that receive filtrate form the distal convoluted tubules
final adjustment of urine concentration

Question 14

tubular reabsorption

Answer 14

process that removes useful materials (water and solutes) from the filtrate and returns them to the blood
about 99% of filtrate is returned to blood
occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 15

tubular secretion

Answer 15

removes additional wastes and excess ions from the blood
also removes foreign substances form blood (drugs, pesticides)
occurs along proximal & distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct

Question 16

excretion

Answer 16

the elimination of wastes and excess substances from the body

Question 17

aquaporins

Answer 17

conducts water molecules in and out of cell

water channels

Question 18

diuretic

Answer 18

promotes excretion of water–>increased production of urine by decreasing reabsorption

Question 19

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 19

Promotes retention of water (decreases production of urine) by increasing reabsorption
produced in posterior pituitary
Increases water channels in collecting duct

Question 20

aldosterone

Answer 20

helps kidney conserve potassium by increasing potassium reabsorption

Question 21

atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH or ANP)

Answer 21

decreases reabsorption of Na & water in kidney

Question 22

dialysis

Answer 22

process for removing waste and excess water from blood

treatment for renal failure

Question 23

What can urinalysis measure?

Answer 23

• pH
• concentration of solutes (dehydration)
• pathogens
• glucose
• proteins
• RBCs, WBCs
• drugs

Question 24

What are the three major areas of the kidney?

Answer 24

1. renal cortex
2. renal medulla
3. renal pelvis

Question 25

functions of the kidney

Answer 25

• maintain homeostasis
• endocrine (reabsorption & secretion)
• excretion

Question 26

How does the kidney help to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 26

maintains salt and water balance

Question 27

What structures do the proximal convoluted tubule have in common with cells lining the small intestine? What is the function of this structure?

Answer 27

both have microvili, which allows the structures to absorb nutrients

Question 28

What percent of water, sodium, and glucose that is filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed?

Answer 28

water–99%
sodium–99%
glucose–100%

Question 29

kidney stones

Answer 29

small, hard crystals formed in the urinary tract usually made of calcium due to a high calcium concentration
very painful

Question 30

metabolic waste

Answer 30

things that are not absorbed into the blood

Question 31

Why is electrolyte balance important?

Answer 31

an unequal distribution of Na and K in cells:

• creates the membrane potential (basis of neuron and muscle excitability)
• creates a chemical and electrical gradient (powers transport of solutes and nutrients in and out of cell)
• so if this distribution is disrupted, there can be serious problems with nerve, muscle, and cardiac function

Question 32

How does ADH affect the nephron and what is the effect of its action?

Answer 32

ADH causes the collecting duct to become permeable to water
water leaves the filtrate due to high NaCl in the medulla–>this results in concentrated urine and the conservation of water

Question 33

How is alcohol metabolized?

Answer 33

alcohol is metabolized by being broken down by ethanol
not all alcohol is metabolized–>some will be excreted by sweat or urine
rate of metabolization of alcohol is slow
20% of alcohol is absorbed by the stomach

Question 34

short-term effects of heavy alcohol consumption/binge drinking

Answer 34

• slows down activity of all neurons in the brain
• reduced anxiety
• affects balance and coordination
• suppresses ADH function
• decreases ventilation
• inflammation of stomach lining–>stomach pain, vomiting, & diarrhea

Question 35

long-term effects of heavy alcohol consumption/binge drinking

Answer 35

• damage to liver, which regulates enzymes that metabolize ethanol
• excessive use–> damage to liver cells–> cirrhosis
• cardiovascular: hypertension & arteriosclerosis
• cancer
• fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 36

What is a possible serious complication of an untreated UTI?

Answer 36

dangerous because it could spread to kidneys where serious damage could occur

Question 37

What are the possible consequences of renal (kidney) failure?

Answer 37

• decrease of blood pH (acidosis)
• electrolyte imbalance
• anemia
• edema
• hypertension (increased blood pressure)
• nitrogenous wastes accumulate in blood