Diabetes

Question 1

diabetes insipidus

Answer 1

insufficient ADH production
lots of dilute urine, unquenchable thirst
treatable with ADH nasal spray (vassopressin)

Question 2

diabetes mellitus

Answer 2

glucose is not able to get into the cells where it is needed
levels of glucose in blood rise, which may stop the kidney’s ability to reabsorb glucose
large amounts of glucose are lost in the urine as a result of an insulin deficiency

Question 3

insulin

Answer 3

the hormone secreted by the pancreas that reduces glucose levels in the blood

Question 4

glucagon

Answer 4

hormone that elevates glucose levels in the blood

Question 5

pancreatic islet cells

Answer 5

produces glucagon & insulin

Question 6

What is the effect of insulin?

Answer 6

lowers blood-glucose levels

allows glucose to enter cells

Question 7

What is the effect of glucagon?

Answer 7

raises blood-glucose levels

dominates the “fed” state (right after eating, glucose is high)

Question 8

type I diabetes mellitus

Answer 8

• 5-10% of all diabetics
• insufficient insulin; no insulin–>cells can’t take in glucose
• blood glucose is high, but body responds as if it is very low–>breaks down fat and proteins
• high plasma-glucose concentrations overloads glucose reabsorption in kidney–>glucose excreted in urine

Question 9

type II diabetes mellitus

Answer 9

• 90-95% of all diabetics
• insulin is unable to act on cells so glucose can’t get in
• insulin is present, but receptors don’t work
• reduced efficiency of glucose metabolism

Question 10

treatment for type I diabetes mellitus

Answer 10

fatal if untreated

• control diet
• insulin supplementation: close monitoring of blood-glucose levels (injection or pump)

Question 11

treatment for type II diabetes mellitus

Answer 11

biggest risk factor is being overweight

• healthy diet, exercise
• drugs to stimulate insulin secretion & increase responsiveness of cells to insulin

Question 12

A1C test & it’s use with diabetes

Answer 12

• test for diabetes mellitus
• measures presence of surface markers on red blood cells, finds average of blood-glucose level over time
• purpose is to see how well the treatment is controlling diabetes, not to diagnose