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The Human Body 309D > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

breech birth

A

deliver in which the baby is born buttocks first (butt comes out of vagina first, instead of head)

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2
Q

parturition

A

birth

usually occurs about 30 weeks after fertilization

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3
Q

lactation

A

production and ejection of milk from the mammary glands

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4
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk

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5
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

a posterior pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection

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6
Q

zygote

A

the diploid cell resulting form the joining of an egg and sperm
first cell of a new individual

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7
Q

gamete

A

contains 1/2 the number of total chromosomes (23)

a reproductive cell that contains only 1 copy of each chromosome

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8
Q

oocyte

A

egg

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9
Q

spermatocyte

A

sperm cells in their infancy

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10
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

in the testes

where sperm is produced

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11
Q

leydig cells

A

interstitial cells that produce androgens, including testosterone

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12
Q

epididymis

A

site of sperm cell maturation and storage

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13
Q

vas deferens

A

conducts sperm from epididymis to urethra

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14
Q

urethra

A

tube through which sperm or urine leaves the body

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15
Q

prostate gland

A

surrounds upper portion of urethra

produces alkaline secretions that activate sperm and reduce acidity of male & female reproductive tracts

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16
Q

seminal vessicles

A

secretions nourish sperm, thicken semen, and assist movement of sperm in the female

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17
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

release liquid before ejaculation that may rinse acidic urine from urethra

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18
Q

fallopian tubes (oviduct)

A

conducts the egg toward the uterus

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19
Q

uterus

A

pear-shaped organ that houses and nourishes the developing baby

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20
Q

vagina

A

birth canal

where the penis goes

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21
Q

ovary

A

produces eggs and sex hormones (estrogen + progesterone)

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22
Q

testis

A

one pair of primary reproductive organs (gonads)

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23
Q

penis

A

delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract

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24
Q

HPV (Human Papiloma Virus)

A
  • transmission: contact with another’s infected genitals, childbirth
  • symptoms: genital warts, some types of cancer
  • prevention: vaccination, guardacil, ceravix
25
Q

Gonnorrhea

A

STD that can cause infection in the genitals, rectum, and throat

  • transmission: sex with infected person, childbirth
  • symptoms: painful urination; white, yellow, or green discharge; painful or swollen testicles; vaginal bleeding; painful bowel movements
  • diagnosis: urine test or swab from throat or rectum
  • treatment: medication
26
Q

Syphilis

A
  • transmission: sex w/ infected person, contact with infected sore, childbirth
  • symptoms: sores on genitals or mouth; rash on hands and feet; issues with nervous system
  • diagnosis: blood test
  • treatment: penicillin
27
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • transmission: sex
  • symptoms: usually none; abnormal discharge; bleeding; pain during sex; pain while urinating
  • diagnosis: swab from urethra or cervix; urine test
  • treatment: antibiotics
28
Q

capacitation

A

activation of sperm to make them capable of fertilization
involves change in the membrane surrounding the sperm head
takes place in female reproductive tract

29
Q

zona pellucida

A

an additional barrier on the oocyte

30
Q

monozygotic

A

developed from ONE egg that splits and forms 2 embryos

identical twins

31
Q

dizygotic

A

developed from TWO eggs, each fertilized by separate sperm cells
fraternal twins

32
Q

blastocyte

A

final stage of cleavage (day 6) a blastocyte is formed

a hollow ball of cells filled with fluid–>will become embryo

33
Q

gastrulation

A

key point in development
has become and embryo and cells have become differentiated
forms ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

34
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer of skin + hair, nails, and glands

nervous system

35
Q

endoderm

A

lining of GI tract + accessory organs (liver, pancreas)

lining of urinary & respiratory tracts

36
Q

mesoderm

A

muscle, bone and connective tissues, heart, kidneys, gonads

37
Q

placenta

A

serves all physiological purposes for the fetus
takes over production of progesterone and estrogen until 3 months into the pregnancy
a hybrid tissue

38
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

keeps corpus luteum alive

produces progesterone and estrogen until placenta takes over that job

39
Q

lutenizing hormone (LH)

A

controls the production of testosterone

40
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

controls the production of sperm

41
Q

How can taking androgen supplement interfere with the production of sperm?

A

androgen supplements interfere with the production of spem

42
Q

hormonal contraceptive

A

takes advantage of negative feedback to prevent ovulation

43
Q

follicular phase

A

development of follicle

44
Q

luteal phase

A

development of corpus luteum

last part of ovarian cycle

45
Q

corpus luteum

A

secretes estrogen and progesterone

degenerates unless pregnancy occurs

46
Q

endometrium

A

inner layer of uterus

site of embryo implantation during pregnancy

47
Q

myometrium

A

smooth muscle layer in the wall of the uterus

48
Q

2 layers of uterus

A

endometrium & myometrium

49
Q

pap smear/test

A

painless test which looks for precancerous cells on the cervix
cervix is gently swabbed to collected cells to be examined

50
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

when an embryo implants in an area other than the uterus

could be fatal or result in infertility if not terminated

51
Q

puberty

A

triggers ovulation

52
Q

hormonal birth control for women

A
  • mimics the effects of natural hormones that would ordinarily be produced by the ovaries
  • suppression of release of FSH and LH (w/out these the egg does not mature and is not released from the ovary)
53
Q

What is the most effective non-abstinence birth control method at preventing STDs?

A

latex condom

54
Q

critical period

A

1-12 weeks

55
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

fallopian tubes

56
Q

where does implantation occur?

A

uterus

57
Q

functions of the placenta

A
  • fetal support: provides nutrients, controls respiratory functions and fluid volume & waste
  • maternal immune suppression: prevents rejection of fetus
  • hormone production: HCG and progesterone & estrogen (beginning at about 3 months into pregnancy)
58
Q

About how long after fertilization does implantation occur?

A

6 days after fertilization

The Human Body 309D (5 decks)

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