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HISTO Block 3 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system include

A
  • kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra
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2
Q

what does the urinary system do

A
  • clear blood of waste

- regulate the concentration of body fluid

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3
Q

what hormone does the kidney make

A

erythropoeitin ( stimulates erithrocytosis)

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4
Q

the kidney produces the enzyme renin, what does it do?

A

it influences blood pressure and the concentration of NA+ in the body fluids

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5
Q

what is the location of the kidneys

A

they are retroperitoneal, and are on the posterior abdominal wall

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6
Q

wat is the concavity on the medial border of the kidney where arteries, veins, lymphatics, nerves, and renal pelvis are

A

Hilus

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7
Q

what is the central cavity of the kidney that has fat

A

renal sinus

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8
Q

the hilus is continuos with..

A

the renal sinus

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9
Q

what is the funnel shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter

A

renal pelvis

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10
Q

what is the renal pelvis continuos wit

A

the major calyxx, which divide into the minor calyxx

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11
Q

what are the two main parts of the kidney

A

cortex and medulla

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12
Q

where does the renal pelvis come from

A

medulla

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13
Q

what is another name for renal column

A

renal column of Bertin

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14
Q

what are the major components of the medulla

A

renal pyramids

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15
Q

what does the apex of the pyramid face

A

hilum

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16
Q

where does the base of the renal pyramid face

A

the cortex

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17
Q

what are the cortical extensions in between the pyramids

A

the renal columns of Bertin

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18
Q

what are the medullary rays

A

straight lines of extension on the base of the renal pyramid into the cortex

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19
Q

what thing helps to regulate the blood pressure

A

renin

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20
Q

what do the kidneys sit against

A

the posterior abdomen wall

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21
Q

what is the concavity on the medial border of the kidney where the arteries and veins, lymphatics, nerves and renal pelvis are? what is this place called

A

Hilus

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22
Q

what is the central cavity that is continuos with the renal cavity and is filled with fat

A

the renal pelvis

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23
Q

what is the funnel shaped expansion at the upper end of the ureter

A

the renal pelvis

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24
Q

what is the renal pelvis continuos with

A

the major calyxx

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25
Q

where are the apex of the pyramid located

A

in the medulla

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26
Q

where is the base of the renal pyramid

A

in the cortex

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27
Q

what is the cortical extension in between the renal pyramid

A

the renal column of Bertin

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28
Q

what are the straight line extensions on the base of the renal pyramid into the cortex

A

medullary ray

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29
Q

the nephron is a component of what

A

uriniferous tubule

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30
Q

what makes up the renal corpuscle

A

the glomerulus and the bowman’s capsule

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31
Q

where is the papillary duct of Belini

A

it is where the duct opens at the apex of the renal pyramid

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32
Q

what is the largest duct of the kidney

A

papillary duct of Belini

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33
Q

the collecting tubules come together to make what

A

the papillary duct of Belini

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34
Q

what comprises most of the cortex

A
  • renal corpuscle

- convoluted tubules

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35
Q

what is the perforated tip of the renal papilla that projects into the lumen

A

area cribosa

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36
Q

what makes up the pars recta

A
  • collecting duct

- thick descending and ascending limb

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37
Q

what is in a renal lobe

A

renal pyramid and its cortical tissue ( renal column)

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38
Q

what are the group of straight tubules that project into the cortex from the base of the renal pyramids

A

medullary rays

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39
Q

what consist of the medullary ray at the center and he close cortical tissue around it

A

renal lobule ( the distance from one medullary ray to the next)

40
Q

all nephrons in a single lobule are drained by different or the same collecting duct?

A

the same one

41
Q

what are the two different ways the nephron can be classified

A
  • cortical

- juxtamedullary

42
Q

what is the deciding factor for if a nephron is cortical or juxtamedullary

A

the location of the renal corpuscle

43
Q

cortical nephrons usually posses what?

A

short loops of Henle

44
Q

the long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla are responsible for what

A

by using a countercurrent mechanism, establishing the interstitial concentration gradient for urine

45
Q

what has the same histological background as the PCT

A

thick descending limb of Henle

46
Q

what has the same histological background as the DCT

A

thick ascending limb of henle

47
Q

what is the only frenistrated capillary with no diaphragm

A

the glomerulus

48
Q

what is the glomerulus lined with

A

endothelial cells

49
Q

what is known as the capillary tuft in the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus

50
Q

what is the epitheliem of the parietal layer of the bowmans capsule (parietal layer)

A

simple squamous

51
Q

the parietal layer of the bowmans capsule is also called

A

capsular epithelium

52
Q

what is the epithelial layer that invest the glomerular capillaries

A

visceral layer

53
Q

what is the epithelium of the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule called?

A

modified simple squamous ( glomerular epithelium)

54
Q

what is another name for the “modified” simple squamous that lines the visceral layer in the bowmans capsule

A

podocytes

55
Q

what are cells that are inside of the afferent arteriole going into the glomerulus that are modified smooth muscle?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

56
Q

bowman’s space is also known as

A

urinary space

57
Q

what line the proximal convoluted tubule and make it so absorption can happen ( they are very long in the PCT)

A

microvilli

58
Q

what lines the DCT and helps in the concentration of sodium chloride and secretes paracine to the adjacent afferent arterioles to decrease glomerular filtration

A

macula densa

59
Q

what is the narrow chalice-shaped cavity that is between the visceral and parietal epithelial layers

A

Bowman’s Space

Capsular Space

60
Q

what enters and leaves in the vascular pole of the bowman’s capsule

A

efferent and afferent arterioles

61
Q

what does the capsule becomes continuous with in the urinary pole of the bowman’s capsule

A

proximal convoluted tubule

62
Q

what are the modified simple squamous cells that line the the visceral layer

A

podocytes

63
Q

what does glomerular epithelium refer too

A

the podocytes in the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule

64
Q

what do the podocytes have that come in contact with the glomerulus

A

primary process that give rise to secondary process

65
Q

what is the name for the secondary foot process called of podocytes

A

pedicels

66
Q

the space between two pediciles has what

A

diaphragm

67
Q

does the glomerulus have diaphragms?

A

no

68
Q

where are filtration slits and what is their width?

A

filtration slits, the width is 20-30nm

69
Q

what is the slit diaphragm

A

it is the filamentous layer of material that covers the slit pore ( filtration slit) between pedicels

70
Q

podocytes in the surface of bowmans space has a protein coating called

A

podocalyxin

71
Q

what does podocalyxin stain with

A

catatonic dyes

72
Q

what is said to maintain the organization and shape of the pedicels

A

podocalyxin

73
Q

how thick is the basil lamina of glomerulus

A

.1-.15 um

74
Q

where is the basal lamina located

A

in between the podocytes and the endothelial cells of the glomerus

75
Q

what are the three zones of the basal lamina

A
  • lamina rara externa
  • lamina rara interna
  • lamina densa
76
Q

what region is the electron lucent region adjacent to the capillary endothelium

A

lamina rara interna

77
Q

what will stain lighter lamina rara densa or rara externa

A

the lamina rara densa

78
Q

what is the epithelum like that lines the capillaries ( glomerulus)

A

thin and frenistrated

79
Q

what is the diameter of the frensitrations on the glomerulus capillaries

A

60-90nm

80
Q

what are the components of the filtration barrier

A
  • capillary with frenistration
  • lamina rara externa ( close to podocyte )
  • fused lamina densa
  • lamina rara interna ( clode to glomerulus)
81
Q

what functions to filter the blood plasma and is inside the renal corpuscle

A

filtration barrier

82
Q

what does the filtration barrier permit to enter the capsular space

A
  • water
  • ions
  • small molecules
83
Q

what size proteins does the filtration barrier not let into the capsular space

A

protein molecules that weigh more then 69,000

84
Q

what charged proteins will the filtration barrier not let into the capsular space

A

negatively charged ones

85
Q

what are the 3 main components of the filtration barrier

A
  • frenistrated endothelium
  • basal lamina
  • filtration slits
86
Q

what part of the filtration barrier is responsible for filtration selectivity?

A

the glomerular basal lamina

87
Q

what is the difference between urine and plasma

A

urine has impurities

88
Q

is it normal to see protein in pee

A

yes, as long as they are not really large

89
Q

what is an example of a large protein that should not be in urine

A

albumin

90
Q

3 things that determine if a protein will pass through the filtration barrier

A
  • size
  • negativity
  • shape
91
Q

the interstitial spaces of the glomerulus between capillaries belongs to

A

mesangium

92
Q

what do phagocytic mesangeial cells do

A

they phagocyte large protein molecules and debris

93
Q

what receptors do mesangial cells have

A
  • angiotenin 2

- atrial natriuretic factor

94
Q

what regulates blood flow in the capillaries

A

mesangial cells

95
Q

what is the longest segment of the nephron

A

PCT

96
Q

what is the first place to pick up unwanted proteins and absorb them

A

PCT ( protein absoprtion)

HISTO Block 3 (7 decks)

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