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HISTO Block 3 > Respiratory System 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the diameter of a bronchiole?

A

1mm or less

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2
Q

is there cartilage in the walls of bronchioles

A

no!

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3
Q

what replaces the cartilage plates in the bronchioles

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

the lining of bronchioles varies from what to what

A

ciliated columnar with goblet cells in primary bronchioles

ciliated cuboidal with clara cells ( secratory) in terminal and respiratory bronchioles

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5
Q

what is the most distal part of the conducting system

A

terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

what is the lining of the terminal bronchiole?

A

simple cuboidal with clara (secratoy) cells with ciliated cells

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7
Q

clara cells have an abundance of what

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( theri enzymes may be involved in metabolizing inspired toxins)

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8
Q

The SER in terminal bronciholes is important for what? they contain what?

A
  • detoxificatoin of toxins

- cytochromatin E450

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9
Q

clara cells produce what? what do they act like? what do they do?

A
  • produce uterogenine
  • act like surfactants
  • help to maintain the integrity of the repiratory track and not let it collapse
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10
Q

why are clara cells like stem cells

A

they can reproduce themseves or other cells in resp. tract

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11
Q

club cell is another name for?

A

clara cells

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12
Q

what are the two ways to identify a clara cell on a slide

A
  • dome shaped

- they are in between the cuboidal cells in the epithelium of the terminal bronchiole

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13
Q

what marks the transition between repiratory poriton and conducting portion

A

respirstory bronchiole

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14
Q

unlike the terminal bronchiol, the respiratory bronchiole has a wall that is interrupted by what?

A

alveoli

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15
Q

where is the first portion for gas exchange to happen?

A

respiratory bronchiole

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16
Q

what is the wall of the respiratory bronchiole lined by

A

simple cuboidal eptihelium that has clara and cilliated cells

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17
Q

beyond what point will there be no more smooth muscle in the lungs

A

the alveolar duct

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18
Q

what do smooth muscle knobs typify?

A

alveolar ducts

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19
Q

what is the entrance into the alveoli

A

the alveolar duct

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20
Q

closely spaced alveoli are separated by what

A

interalveolar septum

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21
Q

what is present in the interalveolar septum at the opening of the adjacent alveoli

A

smooth muscle

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22
Q

what lines the alveolar duct ( epithelium)

A

attenuated simple squamous

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23
Q

what does the epithelium of the alveolar duct have

A

type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

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24
Q

attenuated means

A

extremely flat

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25
Q

what is the expanded space at the distal ends of the alveolar ducts that have walls that consist of adjacent alveoli?

A

alveolar sacs

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26
Q

what permits gas exchange between air and blood ( o2 in the air going into the blood and CO2 from blood going to air)

A

alveoli

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27
Q

how do alveoli communicate with each other

A

through alveolar pores of Kohn

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28
Q

if one alveoli isn’t getting air through por of Kohn what will happen to the other one

A

it will get the air from the one who has air

also works in a bad way, one infected, the next one will be too

29
Q

why does the inter-alveolar wall that separates the two alveoli have elastic fibers and reticular fibers?

A

because the alveoli expand and retract during exhalation, without these fibers this will not work

30
Q

what is the epithelial lingin of the alveoli

A

attenuated simple squamous that has three cell types

  1. type 1 pnm.
  2. type 2 pnem.
  3. ALVEOLAR macrophages
31
Q

alveolar macrophages are also called what

A

dust cells

32
Q

where does gas exchange directly occure

A

the alveolar-capillary barrier

33
Q

what cell forms bart of the BGB

A

type 1 pneumocytes

34
Q

what is the cytoplasm of the type 1 pneum

A

very thin, less then 80nm thick

35
Q

wat covers about 95% of the alveolar surface

A

type 1 alveolar cell

36
Q

what do type 1 pneumocytes do with neighboring cells

A

forms tight junctions with them

37
Q

where does the surfactant in the type 2 pneum come from

A

lamina bodies in the cell

38
Q

what is the function of surfactant

A

reduces the surface tension

39
Q

the bulgin free surface of type 2 pneumocytes contains what

A

microvilli that are short

40
Q

what is a low cuboidal cel and is located most often near the septal intersections

A

type 2 pneumoctye

41
Q

what are the 3 other names for type 2 pneumocyte

A
  • greater alveolar cell
  • granular pneumocyte
  • septal cell
42
Q

what produces the monomolecular film that spreads over the alveolar surface

A

surfactant

43
Q

what junctions do septal cells form

A

tight junctions

44
Q

which pneumocyte can divide and regenerate both cell types

A

type 2

45
Q

dust cells/ alveolar phagocytes do what

A

are a principle mononuclear phagocyte on the alveolar surface that remove inhaled dust and bacteria

46
Q

what is the vital line of defense in the lungs

A

alveolar macrophage

47
Q

what happens when dust cells are filled with debris

A

they migrate to the bronchioles and is carried by cillia to the upper airways and pharynx, then the debris is swallowed

48
Q

what is a less known way for dust cells to get rid of debris

A

to migrate to the intersititum and leave through the lymphatics

49
Q

what are the two things that form the alveolar septum

A

capillary and either type 1 or type 2 pneum

50
Q

what kind of vessel is expected to be in the lung

A

continuous capillary

anywhere there is a barrier there will be continuos capillaries

51
Q

in regards to the BGB what would i do with the interalveolar septum

A

divide it into two

52
Q

what helps to support interalveolar septum from collapsing

A

elastic and reticular fibers

53
Q

are there alot of reticular fibers where gas exchange is acutally happening

A

no

54
Q

what is the size of the space where gas exchange actually happens

A

1.5 um

55
Q

what occupies the central region of the interalveolar septum

A

continuous capillaries

56
Q

average distance across BgB is

A

.5 um

57
Q

where the two basal laminas fuse in the IA septum the distance is reduce to?

A

.2um

58
Q

pulmonary veins run independently or with the pulmonary arteries?

A

independetly

59
Q

blood supply to the lungs is from what

A

pulmonary arteries and bronchioles

60
Q

each bronchiole from a bronchus enters what

A

a lung lobule

61
Q

what is the shape of a lobule

A

pyramid

62
Q

what seperates each lobule

A

an incomplete septum

63
Q

lymphatics run inside the dense CT but are not wher

A

in the interalveolar wall

64
Q

what nerves supply heart and lungs

A

cardiopulmonary nerves ( autonomic )

65
Q

wat are the parietal pleura and parietal pericardium supplied by

A

somatic nerves

66
Q

when someone actually feel pain in the lungs

A

once the parietal pleura is affected because it is supplied by somatic nerves

67
Q

autonomic nerves supply

A

lungs and visceral pleura

68
Q

what is in the lungs that permits the expansion and relaxation of the lungs

A

elastic tissue

69
Q

pleural space is under what kind of pressure?

A

neative

HISTO Block 3 (7 decks)

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