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HISTO Block 3 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

two portions of the respiratory system

A

conducting portion

respiratory portion

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2
Q

which portion is important for gas exchange?

A

respiratory

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3
Q

which portion is responsible for bringing air to the tissues

A

conducting portion

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4
Q

the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronciholes, and terminal bronchioles belong to..

A

conducting system

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5
Q

what do the structures in the conducting portion do to air

A

they moisten and warm it because air from the atmosphere must be changed to fit our bodies

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6
Q

respiratory bronchioles, alveoar sacs, ducts, and alveoli are all part of..

A

respiratory portion

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7
Q

what are intrapulmonary and contain alveoli?

A

structures in the respiratory system

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8
Q

without alveoli what happen?

A

no gas exchange!!

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9
Q

what is the first main opening of the nasal cavity

A

vestibule

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10
Q

what is the skeleton of the vestibule?

A

hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

what are the glands in the vestibule

A

sebaccous and sweat glands

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12
Q

what is the epithelum of the vestibule

A

stratified squamous keratinized

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13
Q

cilia in vesitbule?

A

no

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14
Q

golbet cells in vestibule?

A

no

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15
Q

what are the vibrissae that are in the vestibule?

A

small hairs that catch dust

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16
Q

what are nares

A

they are nostrils whose outermost portions are lined by extensions of skin

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17
Q

after the lining of the vestibule is stratified squamous keratinized what does it change to in the respiratory and olfactory sections of the nasal cavity

A

respiratory epithelium

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18
Q

the lamina propria is vascular why in the respiratory part of the nasal cavity

A

because it has long venous plexuses so that it is able to effectively warm the air coming in

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19
Q

olfactory epithelium is where

A

on the roof of the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal septum

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20
Q

what are the three cell types in the olfactory section of the nasal cavity

A
  • olfactory cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
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21
Q

what are known as bipolar nerve cells and are characterized by boulbous projections and have modified cila extensions

A

olfacatory cells

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22
Q

what act as receptors in olfactory cells and are nonmotile

A

olfactory cilia

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23
Q

the proximla 1/3 of the olfactory cilia contains what kind of axoneme

A

the typical on

9 doubletws and 2 singles

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24
Q

the distal 2/3 of the olfacotry cilia has what kind of axoneme

A

9 peripheral singlets and 2 central singlets

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25
Q

supportin cells are also called?

A

sustentacular cells

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26
Q

what cells in the olfactory section posess muclei that are more apically located than the other two cells

A

sustentacular cells aka. supporting

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27
Q

what cells have prominent microvilli and a prominent terminal web

A

the sustentacular cells

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28
Q

what olfactory cell group rests on the basal lamina and do not extend to the surface , they also for an incomplete layer of cells

A

the basal cells

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29
Q

which of the 3 olfactory cells are believed to be regenerative for all three-cell types

A

basal cells (they serve as stem cells)

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30
Q

what does the lamina propria in the olfactory mucosa have

A
  • bowman’s glands
  • many veins
  • unmyelinated nerves
31
Q

what connects the pharynx to the trachea

A

the larynx

32
Q

what is the skeleton of the larynx made of?

A

hyaline cartilages and elastic cartilages

33
Q

what has striated muscles in the wall and also has connective tissues with glands

A

larynx

34
Q

what provides the means for sounds of different frequencies to be produced?

A

vocal cords

35
Q

which vocal cords have skeletal muscle (vocalis), vocal ligament and a covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinzed epithelium

A

true vocal cords

36
Q

what is formed by a band of elastic fibers

A

vocal ligament

37
Q

why are the true vocal cords covered by stratified sqaumous nonkeratinized epithelium

A

because there is frequent movement in these vocal cords

38
Q

when does the epithelium change to respiratory epitherlium/

A

at the base of the epiglottis after the vocal cords

39
Q

what lines air passages down through trachea and primary bronchi

A

respiratory epithelium

40
Q

what are also known as false vocal cord

A

vestibular fold

41
Q

what lies superior to the true vocal cord

A

vestibular vocal cord

42
Q

what is the vestibular fold

A

it is a fold of loose connective tissue that has glands and lymphoid aggregateions

43
Q

what is the false vocal cord covered with

A

resp. epithelium

44
Q

what supports the walls of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi?

A

hylaine cartilage

45
Q

what is the hyaline cartilage like in the trachea

A

c shaped and open posteriorly

46
Q

what runs in the open posterior location of the hyaline cartilage in the trachea

A

trachealis muscle

47
Q

what does the trachialis do

A

helps to prevent over distension during inhilation

48
Q

what is superior and inferior to the hylain catrilage c shaped rings

A

fibroelastic CT, helps to elongate the trachea durring inhalation

49
Q

what are the 4 cell types in respiratory epithelium

A
  • ciliated cells
  • mucous cells(small mucous cell and mature goblet cells)
  • enteroendocrine cells ( APUD)
50
Q

in the ciliated cell of the resp. epith. the cilia do what

A

protect the lungs from being damaged if something in inhaled

specifically it traps the material and the goblet cells make mucous and send the partical to the mouth

51
Q

what has long, activley motile extensions that beat towards the pharynx

A

ciliated cells ( thier cilia)

52
Q

ciliated cells contain microvilli as well, why?

A

so that fluid can be absorbed and not clog the airway

53
Q

what are the two types of mucous cells in resp. epith?

A
  • small mucous granule cells “ brush cell”

- mature goblet cells

54
Q

why are small mucous cells sometimes called brush cells

A

because of the many microvili they have

55
Q

what activley divide and may be able to replace desquamated cells, might be able to become a goblet cell

A

brush cells

56
Q

wat has small numbers of mucous granules

A

brush cells

57
Q

what is filled with large mucous droplets that are secreted to trap inhaled particles

A

goblet cells

58
Q

what cells rest on the basal lamina and DO NOT extend to the lumen? these are the cells that make the epithelium pseudostratifed

A

short basal cells STEM

59
Q

what resp. epith cells can divide

A

short basal cells

60
Q

what cells have many small granules in their basal cytoplas

A

APUD

enteroendocrine cells

61
Q

what cells participate in paracrine regualtion on other cells

A

APUD cells

62
Q

what is it called when a cell ( APUD) regulates a cell next to it

A

pararcrine regulation

63
Q

various enteroendocrine cells synthesize what

A

different polypeptide hormones

64
Q

what is the thick layer that underlies the epithelium

A

basement membrane

65
Q

the thin layer that lies under te basment membrane is called

A

lamina propria

66
Q

what separates the lamina propria from the submucosa

A

elastic fibers that run longitudinally

67
Q

what kind of glands are in the submucosa of the trachea

A

seromucous glands

68
Q

what forms the outer layer of the trachea

A

adventita, which has c shaped hyaline cartilage

69
Q

intapulmonary bronchi is also called what

A

secondary bronchi

70
Q

what arises from the subdivision of the primary bronchi and divide many times

A

intrapulmonary bronchi

71
Q

what is in the walls of the intrapulmonary bronchi

A

irregular cartilage plates

72
Q

lumen of intrapulmonary bronchi is lined by?

A

resp. ept

73
Q

what seperates the lamina propria from the submucousa in the intrapulmonary bronchi

A

layers of spiraling smooth muscle

74
Q

glands in the submucosa of the intrapulmonary bronchi are

A

seramucous

HISTO Block 3 (7 decks)

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