Urinary System Flashcards
80% of these structures contain enough calcium to be radiopaque
Urinary calculi
A third kidney is known as
Supernumerary kidney
Cystic dilatation of the distal ureter
Ureterocele
Destructive process involving the medullary papillae and the terminal renal pyramids
Papillary necrosis
Dilatation of the renal pelvicalyceal area
Hydronephrosis
Dilatation of the ureter
Hydroureter
Ectopic kidney found in the pelvis
Abnormally positioned kidney (Positioning anomaly)
Evidence of a solitary kidney
Renal agenesis
Extension of a clot from the inferior vena cava
Renal vein thrombus
Finger like projection into the lumen of the bladder
Bladder carcinoma
Fluid filled unilocular mass
Renal cyst
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Cystitis
Inflammatory process involving the tufts of the capillaries that filter the blood
Glomerulonephritis
Lesion arising from embryonic renal tissue most commonly found in infants and during childhood
Wilms’ tumor
Fusion of the lower poles of the left and right kidneys
Horseshoe kidney
Most common renal neoplasm, also known as a hypernephroma
Renal carcinoma
Multiple cysts of varying size causing progressive renal impairment
Polycystic kidney
Pyogenic bacteria causing inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis
Results in a condition called uremia, an accumulation of excessive blood levels of urea and creatine
Chronic renal failure
Thin transverse membrane in the urethra preventing micturition
Posterior urethral valves
Calcium deposits within the renal parenchyma are termed
Nephrocalcinosis
When the kidneys are fused at their lower poles, they are termed…
Horseshoe Kidney
Which term is applied to a renal calculus that completely fills the renal pelvis?
Staghorn Calculus
What term is applied to an acquired condition that occurs when one kidney is required to do the job of two kidneys?
Compensatory Hypertrophy
What is the most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and childhood?
Wilm’s tumor
A miniature replica of a kidney is termed:
Hypoplastic Kidney
Commonly associated with duplicated ureters
Ureteroceles
Cystic dilatation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the urinary bladder is called a:
Ureterocele
What is the blockage above the level of the bladder, causing dilatation of the renal pelvicalyceal system referred to as?
Hydronephorsis
Chronic cystitis is evidenced radiographically by a
Decrease in bladder size and wall irregularity
Bilateral enlarged,smooth kidney.
IVU delayed and prolonged nephrogram.
Acute Renal Failure
- 4th most common cancer in men.
- Begins in the lining (epithelium) of the bladder
- Projects into the bladder and may infiltrate the bladder wall with calcifications on surface or within tumor.
Bladder Carcinoma
- Calcifications on surface or within tumor.
- Finger like projections into the lumen or may infiltrate the wall. Bladder wall thickening.
Bladder Carcinoma
Renal Hypoplasia Unilateral Renal Agenesis Ectopic Kidney Crossed Renal Ectopia Horseshoe Kidney Duplication or Duplex Kidney Supernumerary Kidney Ureterocele
Types of Congenital Anomalies
An underdeveloped kidney (miniature replica) other kidney may be hyperplastic
Renal Hypoplasia
- Failure of kidney formation during fetal development
- Mutation in genes during development, resulting in absence of kidney on one side.
Unilateral Renal Agenesis
Kidney is out of its normal position and may appear in the abdomen, pelvis or thoracic area
Ectopic Kidney
- One kidney lies across the midline and is fused to the other kidney
- Ureters cross midline and enter bladder on proper side
Crossed Renal Ectopia
Lower poles of the kidneys are joined across the midline by a band of soft tissues.
Horseshoe Kidney
Bifid pelvis or completely double pelvis, ureter and ureterovesical orifice
Duplication or Duplex Kidney
Failure to remove nitrogen
Uremia
The most common fusion anomaly (mostly in males)
Horseshoe kidney
Complications include obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux with infection
Duplex kidney
The presence of a third, small kidney which contains a separate pelvis and ureter.
Supernumerary Kidney
Rare anomaly that often becomes symptomatic from infection.
Supernumerary Kidney
Cyst-like dilatation of a ureter near its opening into the bladder resulting from congenital stenosis of the ureteral orifice with varying degrees of dilation of proximal ureter.
Ureterocele
A cystic dilatation of the distal ureter near its opening into the bladder
Ureterocele
Lesion fills with contrast -“Cobrahead” radiographic appearance
Ureterocele
Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease)
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Types of Inflammatory Disorders
Antigen-antibody reaction in the glomeruli causes an inflammatory reaction of the renal parenchyma.
Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease)
Bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis.
Pyelonephritis
Most stones form in the calyces and renal pelvis
Kidney Stones
Ureterovesical junction is the most common site for lodging
Kidney Stones
A large stone that completely fills the renal pelvis, blocking the flow of urine.
Staghorn Calculus
Small, irregular, and poorly calcified stones most often result from the downward movement of kidney stones.
Ureteral stones
Disorder primarily of elderly men with obstruction or infection of the lower UT.
Bladder stones
Obstructive disorder of the urinary system that causes dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine.
Hydronephrosis
Simple Renal Cyst Polycystic Renal Disease Renal Carcinoma Nephroblastoma Bladder Carcinoma
Types of Cystes & Tumors
Fluid filled cyst that may vary in size, single or multiple and may affect one or both kidneys
Simple Renal Cyst
Contains calcifications, mass with indistinct outline, tumor has density similar to normal tissue. AKA: Hypernephroma or Grawitz tumor
Renal Carcinoma
Arises from immature kidney cells that fail to develop.
Nephroblastoma
Most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy & childhood. AKA: Wilm’s Tumor
Nephroblastoma
Miniature replica
Renal Hypoplasia
IVU demonstrates a single functioning kidney.
Unilateral Renal Agenesis
Solitary kidney with 2nd kidney seen in another location pelvis or thorax.
Ectopic Kidney
Lies on the same side as the normal kidney (across midline) fused to other kidney.
Crossed Renal Ectopia
IVU kidney malrotation and parenchymal fusion.
Horseshoe Kidney
IVU double renal pelvis in single kidney; two ureters exiting kidney and emptying into bladder
Duplication or Duplex Kidney
Normal to increased kidney size. Chronic cases produce bilateral small kidneys.
Glomerulonephritis
- IVU (normal)
- Generalized kidney enlargement
- Delayed calyceal opacification.
- Decreased density of contrast.
(Acute case) Pyelonephritis
- Blunting to clubbing (round) of calyces
- May progress to end stage renal carcinoma
Pyelonephritis (Chronic case)
- Ring of lucent gas outlining bladder wall or lumen.
- Diabetic Patients
Emphysematous cystitis
Most common site for lodging is the ureterovesical junction and pelvic brim.
Kidney stones
Large stone that completely fills the renal pelvis blocking the flow of urine.
Staghorn calculus
Most often result from the downward movement of kidney stones.
Ureteral stones
Single or multiple. Vary in size, circular or oval Jackstone
Bladder stones
Varies from scattered densities to very dense and extensive calcifications
Nephrocalcinosis
Generally enlarged kidney with
moderately dilated calyces
Acute Hydronephrosis
Greatly dilated pelvicalyceal system & ureter proximal to obstruction
Chronic Hydronephrosis
Margin appears as a very thin and smooth radiopaque rim about a bulging lucent cyst.
Simple renal cyst
Beak sign Thickened rim represents possible bleeding into cyst, infection or malignant lesion.
Simple renal cyst
Enlarged kidney with a multilobulated contour. Nephrogram mottled or Swiss cheese pattern due to # of cysts.
Polycystic Kidney Disease
IVU pronounced distortion and displacement of the pelvicalyceal system. Downward and lateral displacement
Nephroblastoma
Localized bulging or generalized enlargement.
Renal Carcinoma
IVU may produce sufficient opacification of kidneys for diagnostic value.
Chronic renal failure
Bright’s Disease
Glomerulonephritis
Wilm’s Tumor
Nephroblastoma
Renal carnicoma
Hypernephroma
The imaging criteria for pyelography are the same as for an abdominal radiograph but must include the area from the _____ to the _____.
a. diapraghm; kidney
b. kidneys; pelvis
c. kidneys; superior pubis
d. diaphragm; inferior bladder
d. diaphragm; inferior bladder
What organ of the body plays an essential role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood and body fluids, and also the electrolyte balance?
a. nephron
b. glomerulus
c. bladder
d. kidney
d. kidney
A bacterial inflammation of teh kidney and renal pelvis is termed ____.
a. renitis
b. pyelonephritis
c. glomerulities
d. none of the above
b. pyelonephritis
The medical term used to desribe dilated calyces and renal pelvis is ______.
a. hydronephrosis
b. pyelonephrities
c. nephrosis
d. none of the above
a. hydronephrosis
What is the name for the most common abdominal neoplasm of infants and children?
a. polycystic disease
b. pyelonephritis
c. Wilms’ tumor
d. hypernephroma
c. Wilms’ tumor
What is the name of the most common fusion anomaly of the kidneys?
a. complete fusion
b. crossed ectopia
c. pelvic kidney
d. horseshoe kidney
d. horseshoe kidney
What is the name for a cystic dilatation of the distal ureter near the bladder?
a. compensatory hypertrophy
b. renal agenesis
c. ureterocele
d. hypoplasty
c. ureterocele
Name the first portion of the kidney to become visible after injection of a contrast agent.
a. nephron
b. glomerulus
c. Bowman’s capsule
d. calyces
a. nephron
What term is used to describe a kidney not in the normal area of the abdomen?
a. horseshoe
b. duplex
c. ectopic
d. ectopic ureterocele
c. ectopic
The medical term for painful urination is _____.
a. dysuria
b. anuria
c. micturition
d. exacerbation
a. dysuria
