Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
Esophagus fails to develop past some point resulting in a pouch
Esophageal atresia
A pathology where the esophagus develops a connection to the trachea.
Tracheoesophageal fistula
What is the diagnosis for congenital condition of the esophagus
a looping of the feeding tube
What are the possible causes of acquired esophageal fistula
mediastinum malignancy, infectious process, trauma, perforation from an endoscopy procedure, NG tube, esophageal cancer (late complication)
Most common cause of acute esophagitis
Esophagitis
What is esophagitis commonly referred to?
Corkscrew esophagus
What does GERD stand for?
Any symptomatic condiction or structural change caused by reflex
Normal lining of lower esophagus is replaced by tissue similar to stomach
Barrett’s Esophagus
Superficial ulcerations or erosions appearing as streaks or dots of barium. Outer border of barium filled esophagus appears hazy & serrated.
Reflux Esophagitis
A type of pathology that appears as a flat plaguelike lesion, has irregular walls with mucosal destruction (infiltrating lesion), and has polypoid lesion
Esophageal Cancer
At what age does esophageal cancer likely start?
40 years or over
Mucosal outpouchings, generally asymptomatic
Esophageal Diverticula
Tell me what a Pulsion is and describe its nature.
False type of esophageal diverticula results from motility disorder and contains mucosa and submucosa
Name the two types of Pulsion?
Zenker found at the pharyngoesophageal junction and Epiphrenic found at the distal esophagus
Contains all the layers of a wall, only found at the opposite side of the bifuraction of trachea, and develops in response to the pulling of adhesion after infection of lymph nodes
Traction (Esophageal Diverticula)
Dilated vns in the esophageal wall caused by increased pressure due to portal hypertension (associated with cirrhosis)
Esophageal Varices
Serpiginous thickening of folds with round or oval filling defects. Has a work like appearance on the image
Esophageal Varices
Most common abnormality seen on UGI. Half of the population over 50 has it.
Hiatal Hernia
Portion of stomach slides above diaphragm leaving GE junction below diaphragm
Paraesophagel hernia
Failure of lower esophageal sphincter to relax leading to dysphagia. Proximal dilation, gradual tapering & narrowing of distal portion.Happens between the ages 20 to 40.
Achalasia
Wide spectrum of foreign bodies some requiring the use of contrast to visualize. May cause dysphagia and requires 2 projections.
Foreign bodies
Inner lining of esophagus tears at or near its connection to stomach (GE junction). Conditions that lead to violent and lengthy bouts of coughing or vomiting.Endoscopy procedure demonstrate laceration.
Perforation of Esophagus
Weakness of esophageal hiatus permitting a portion of the stomach to emerge into thoracic cavity. Mostly asymptomatic and associated with reflux
Hiatal Hermina
Inflammation of the stomach. Changes the normal surface pattern of the gastric mucosa.
Gastritis
A form of gastritis where the gastric mucosa is thickening. What caused this to happen?
Alcohol
A form of gastritis where the gastric mucosa is narrowing and gastric outlet obstruction. What caused this to happen?
Corrosive materials
A type of pathology where inflammatory processes involving the stomach and duodenum. Occurs most frequently @ lesser curvature and caused by action of acid and pepsin.
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Most common place to have peptic ulcer disease
duodenal ulcer. occurs in duodenal bulb (95%) benign.
A uncommon place to have peptic ulcer disease
lesser curvature of stomach (5%) malignant
A pathology affecting the distal stomach. Having diffused thickening, narrowing and fixation of stomach wall. Stomach contracts into tubular structure. Has large, irregular polypoid mass
Stomach Cancer
A congenital anomaly where the pyloric canal is greatly narrowed due to hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter. Occurs mostly males (4x)
Pyloric Stenosis
Undigested material that becomes trapped in the stomach and causes obstruction
Bezoars
Mostly found after gastroectomy, remaining stomach does not break down food to prepare for digestion, food remains and forms a mass
Phytobezoars
mass made of hair and fingernails, patients with mental or anxiety disorders
Trichobezoar
Congenital diverticulum of the distal ileum. Remnant of a duct connecting SB to the umbilicus in the fetus
Meckel Diverticulum
Also know as Regional enteritis. Chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall includes ulcerations & fissures. Has discontinuous disease areas with normal bowel .
Crohn’s Disease
Bowel lumen becomes occluded due to variety of reason (hernia, tumor adhesions & peritonitis. Distended loops of bowel with gas & fluid.
Mechanical SB Obstruction
Involves entire GI tract where large amounts of gas & fluid are found in both the small and large bowel. Generally last no longer than 3 days. The causes for this pathology my arise from surgery, peritonitis, and medications
Adynamic or Paralytic Lleus
Selective or disproportionate gaseous distention of the large bowel with obstruction. Massive distention of the cecum due from horizontally oriented
Colonic ileus
A segment of telecsopes into a distal segment and is driven further into bowel by peristalsis. It has coiled-spring appearance where barium is trapped between intussuscepting & surrounding bowel. Occurs more common in children & infants
Intussusception
Early signs include irregular thickening. Distortion of mucosal folds. Fistulas begin as ulcers that burrow through walls into loops of bowel
Crohn’s Desease
Isolated distended loops of small or large bowel. Portion of involved bowel my offer clue to the underlying disease
Localized ileus
Also know as a Congenital Megacolon. Absence of neurons in bowel wall preventing relaxation and peristalsis. This mostly affects males
Hirschsprung’s Disease
Neck of appendeix becomes blocked by fecallith or postinflammatory scarring creating a closed loop of obstruction. Also known as gold standard. in CT.
Appendicitis
Most common in sigmoid colon with adults over the age of 40. Occurs in clusters with round or oval outpouhings of barium projecting beyond confine of lumen
Diverticula without inflammation
Chronic inflammation of the large colon mostly affecting young adults. Usually affects the rectosigmoid/ileum area. Appears continuous without evidence of skipped area and does not involve the small bowel.
Ulcerative Colitis
A noncontiguous pathology that involves the proximal portion of the colon. The disease procegress with ulcers becoming deepr & more irregular. Thickening of the bowels blead to narrowing & strictures formation.
Crohn’s Colitis
An abrupt onset of lower abdominal pain & rectal bleeding. Usually effecting patients over the age of 50 with a history of CV. As a thumbprint appearance
Ischemic Colitis
Alteration in intestinal motility. Disruption of the food sequence breakdown in stomach & intestines.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
3rd most common cause of cancer mortality. Fifty percent of all cases occur in the rectum & sigmoid. Usually affects men from 50 to 70 years of age
Colon Cancer
Majority results from colon cancer. diverticulities and volvulus. Less acute than SB obstructions, develops slowly.
Large Bowel Obstruction
Has a lead-pipe appearance containing deep ulcers outlined by gas or polypoid changes.
Ulcerative Colitis
Has irregular, lobulated surface or a apple-core or napkin ring appearance.
Colon Cancer. Annular Carcinoma
Colon appears collapsed and free of gas. Large dilated colon with greatly distended, thin walled cecum.
Large Bowel Obstruction
Twisting of bowel onto itself which leads to obstruction & possibly gangrene. Involves cecum & sigmoid. Has a bird-beak sign luminal tapering at site of stenosis.
Volvulus
Benign neoplasm that project into the lumen of bowel. Found in decending colon, sigmoid & rectal area
Polyps
