URINARY SYSTEM

Question 1

PRIMARY STRUCTURE WITHIN THE MEDULLA

Answer 1

LOOP OF HENLE

Question 2

WHY IS RIGHT KIDNEY SLIGHTLY LOWER

Answer 2

DISPLACED BY THE LIVER

Question 3

GROSS ANATOMY: SUPERFICIAL TO DEEP (ISH)

Answer 3

RENAL CORTEX
RENAL COLUMN
RENAL MEDULLA
RENAL PYRAMIDS

RENAL PAPILLA
MINOR CALYCES
MAJOR CALYCE
RENAL PELVIS

Question 4

NEPHRON

Answer 4

FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF A KIDNEY
2 TYPES:
CORTICAL - SHORTER, SHORT LOOP OF HENLE
JUXTAMEDULLARY - DEEP WITHIN MEDULLA (LONG LOOP OF HENLE)

AFFERENT ARTERIOLE: BLOOD DELIVERED TO NEPHRON
EFFERENT AERTIOLE: BLOOD EXITING NEPHRON, CHANGE DIAMETER TO CONTROL RATE OF FILTRATION

ANATOMY:
RENAL CORPUSCLE - FIRST PART, CONTAINS GLOMERULUS
RENAL TUBULE - 2ND PART OF NEPHRON: PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, LOOP OF HENLE, DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

Question 5

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

Answer 5

CONTAINS GLOMERULUS

SITE OF FILTRATION

Question 6

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

Answer 6

LINED WITH BRUSH BORDER CELLS

SITE OF MUCH REABSORBTION, SOME SECRETION

Question 7

LOOP OF HENLE

Answer 7

DESCENDING AND ASCENDING PORTIONS DIFFERENTIALLY PERMEABLE

DESCENDING - PERMEABLE TO WATER

ASCENDING - IMPERMEABLE TO WATER, ACTIVELY PUMPING OUT NaCl

USES CONCENTRATION GRADIENT TO RECOVER WATER

Question 8

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBLE

Answer 8

ADDITIONAL REABSORPTION Ca2+

Question 9

PODOCYTES

Answer 9

SPECIALIZED EPITHELIAL CELLS ON OUTER SURFACES OF GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES THAT INTERDIGATE TO CREATE FILTRATION SLITS

FILTRATION OCCURS WHERE SLITS LINE UP WITH THE FENESTRATIONS OF THE CAPILLARIES

Question 10

GFR

Answer 10

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

DETERMINED BY THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND THE COLLOID PRESSURE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE CAPILLARY MEMBRANE OF THE GLOMERULUS

Question 11

ANTIDIRUETIC HORMONE

Answer 11

CONTROLS VOLUME OF WATER REABSORPTION BY DETERMINING THE PERMEABILITY OF COLLECTING DUCTS TO WATER BY STIMULATING THE INSERTION OF ADDITIONAL AQUAPORIN CHANNELS INTO THE APICAL MEMBRANE

Question 12

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

Answer 12

REGULATES BP BY CONTROLLING FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

RENIN RELEASE FROM JGA CONVERTS ANGTIOTENSIN INTO ANGIOTENSIN I

ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME CONVERTS ANGTIOTENSIN I INTO ANGIOTENSIN II

ANGIOTENSIN II: CAUSES VASOCONSTRICTION, ADRENAL GLANDS TO RELEASE ALDOSTERONE WHICH INCREASES Na+ REABSORPTION. AND THE PITUITARY GLAND TO RELEASE ADH (VASOPRESSIN) THAT INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF WATER REABSORPTED FROM COLLECTING DUCTS

Question 13

MYOGENIC AUTOREGULATION

Answer 13

ARTERIAL PRESSURE UP = RENAL BP UP, RESULTING IN GFR TOO HIGH FOR EFFICIENT TUBULAR REABSORPTION

MYOGENIC AUTOREGULATION OCCURS WHEN STRETCH RECEPTORS ACTIVATE TO CONSTRICT THE SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLES CAUSING A REDUCTION IN BLOOD FLOW TO THE GLOMERULUS

Question 14

TUBULOGLOMERULAR AUTOREGULATION

Answer 14

GFR UP - CAUSED BY ANYTHING

INVOLVES SPECIALIZED OSMORECEPTORS IN MACULA DENSA - RESPONDS TO INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF Na+ AND Cl- BY INHIBITING THE RELEASE OF NITRIC OXIDE - SINCE NO CAUSES VASODILATION, A REDUCTION IN NO LEADS TO VASOCONSTRICTION IN AFFARENT ARTERIOLE

REDUCES BLOOD FLOW TO GLOMERULUS AND RETURNS GRF TO OPTIMAL

Question 15

WHAT PART OF THE NEPHRON ABSORBS THE MOST GLUCOSE AND AMINO ACIDS

Answer 15

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

Question 16

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THERE WERE NO AQUAPORIN CHANNELS IN THE COLLECTING DUCTS

Answer 16

SEVERE DEHYDRATION SINCE WATER WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO BE REABSORBED