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ANATOMY&PHYS II > CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

FUNCTION AND LOCATION OF HEART

A
  • PUMPS DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE LUNGS, OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE BODY
  • SUPERIOR TO DIAPHRAGM, POSTERIOR TO STERNUM: LIES IN SPACE CALLED MEDASTINUM THAT DIVIDES THORACIC CAVITY INTO 2 PLEURAL CAVITIES
  • BROAD BASE IS SUPERIOR, APEX IS INFERIOR - LYING OBLIQUELY POINTING POSTERIORLY AND TO THE RIGHT
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2
Q

LAYERS OF HEART WALL

A

-FIBROUS PERICARDIUM: SUPERFICIAL LAYER OF PERICARDIUM ENCASING THE HEART, ATTACHES TO PARIETAL LAYER OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM AND DIAPHRAGM

  • EPICARDIUM: THIN OUTER MEMBRANE OF THE HEART WALL, INNERMOST LAYER OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM

-MYOCARDIUM: HEART MUSCLE ITSELF, VARIES IN THICKENESS DEPENDING ON LOCATION, MADE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBERS

-ENDOCARDIUM: THIN MEMBRANE THAT LINES INNER SURFACE OF HEART CAHMBERS, COVERS

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3
Q

DESCRIBE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART/BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART

A

ATRIUM: UPPER CHAMBERS
VENTRICLES: LOWER CHAMBERS

RIGHT ATRIUM RECEIVES DEOXY. BLOOD FROM IVC/SVC THROUGH
TRICUSPID (ATRIOVENTRICULAR) VALVE TO
RIGHT VENTRICLE THROUGH
PULMONARY VALVE/TRUNK TO
PULMONARY ARTERIES TO LUNGS

LEFT ATRIUM RECEIVES OXY. BLOOD FROM PULM. VEINS, THROUGH
MITRAL/BISCUSPID (ATRIOVENTRICULAR) VALVE INTO
LEFT VENTRICLE THROUGH
AORTIC VALVE AND INTO AORTA

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4
Q

VALVES OF THE HEART

A

PULMONARY VALVE: (SEMILUNAR: 3 CRESCENT CUSPS) FROM RIGHT VENTRICLE TO PULMONARY ARTERY

AORTIC VALVE: (SL) FROM LEFT VENTRICLE TO AORTA

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES:
1) TRICUSPID VALVE FROM RIGHT ATRIUM TO LEFT ATRIUM
2) BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE FROM LEFT ATRIUM TO LEFT VENTRICLE

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5
Q

STRUCTURE /FUNCTION OF ARTERIES (3)

A

TAKE BLOOD AWAY FROM HEART

1) ELASTIC (LARGE): NEAR HEART THICK, FULL OF ELASTIC LAMALLAE TO EASILY STRETCH W/INCREASE IN PRESSURE
EX - AORTA, COMMON ILLIAC, COMMON CAROTID

2) MUSCULAR (MEDIUM): VASOCONSTRICTION/DILATION DISTRIBUTING , REPEATEDLY BRANCH, LESS ELASTIC, WELL DEFINED WALLS AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
EX - RENAL, SPLENIC, FEMORAL, POPLITEAL, RADIAL, ULNAR

3) ARTERIOLES: RESISTENCE VESSELS - THIN POROUS INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA THAT DIMINISHES AS IT TAPERS INTO CAPILLARIES (METARTIOLE)

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6
Q

STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OF CAPILLARIES

A

AKA EXCHANGE VESSELS - ONE SINGLE LAYER OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TO ALLOW RAPID EXCHANGE OF MOLUCULES; LACK TUNICA MEDIA AND TUNIA EXTERNA

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7
Q

STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OF VENULES

A

MICROSCOPIC - CONTINUOUS WITH CAPILLARIES: ECHANGE UNIT, THICKER/LARGER VENULES DO NOT EXCHANGE

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8
Q

STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OF VEINS

A

TAKE BLOOD BACK TO HEART
1) MED VEINS - BOOST VENUS RETRUN BY PREVENTING BACKFLOW DUE TO GRAVITY (VALVES); ALL 3 LAYERS OF TYP BLOOD VESSELS LACKING SMOOTH MUSCLE/ELASTIC FIBER SO UNABLE TO WITHSTAND HIGH PRESSURE
EX - RENAL, INTERNAL CAROTID, ULNAR, SPLENIC
2) LARGE VEINS- DRAIN FROM TRIBUTARIES INTO HEART; THICK WALLS SIMILAR TO MED VEINS, LACK VALVES

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9
Q

VASOMOTION

A

INTERMITTENT CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS THAT PUSHES BLOOD FROM METARTRIOLE THROUGH A CAPILLARY
CONTROLLED BY CHEMICALS RELEASED IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

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10
Q

CAPILLARY EXCHANGE AND MECHANISMS (4)

A
  • MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES BETWEEN BLOOD AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID
    -DIFFUSION
    -BULK FLOW (RESABSORBTION & FILTRATION)
    -TRANSCYTOSIS (VESICULAR TRANSPORT)
    -ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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11
Q

DIFFUSION

A

MOVEMENT OF LIPID SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES (O2, CO2, STERIOD HORMONES) AND WATER SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES (GLUCOSE, AMINO ACIDS) DOWN A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT VIA INTERCELLULAR CLEFTS (WATER SOLUBLE) OR DIRECTLY THROUGH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN CAPILLARY WALLS (LIPID SOLUBLE)

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12
Q

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

A

DIFFUSION CANNOT HAPPEN BECAUSE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN THE BRAIN ARE SO TIGHTLY ADJOINED THAT THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES IN AND OUT OF CAPILLARIES IS BLOCKED

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13
Q

BULK FLOW

A

MOVEMENT OF LARGE NO. OF IONS, MOLEULES OR PARTICLES TOGETHER, FROM AN AREA OF HIGH PRESSURE TO AN AREA OF LOW PRESSURE - PASSIVE PROCESS AS LONG AS PRESSURE DIFFERENCE EXISTS

REABSORBTION - BULK FLOW OF SOLUTES FROM INTERSTITIAL FLUID INTO BLOOD
FILTRATION - BULK FLOW OF SOLUTES FROM BLOOD INTO INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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14
Q

TRANSCYTOSIS

A

LESS COMMON CAPILLARY EXCHANGE - AND IMPORTANT FOR THE MOVEMENT OF LARGE LIPID-INSOLUBLE MOLECULES THAT CANNOT PASS THRU CAPILLARY WALL ANOTHER WAY
-HORMONE INSULIN, MATERNAL ANTIBODIES

SUBSTANCE IN THE BLOOD ARE ENCLOSED AND ENTER ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BY ENDOCYTOSIS, MOVE ACROSS CELL, EXIT OTHER SIDE OF CELL BY EXOCYTOSIS

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15
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES AGAINST A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT - LOWER CONCENTRATION TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION

INVOLVES SPECIALIZED TRANS-MEMBRANE PROTEINS THAT REQUIRE ATP TO ACTIVELY PUMP MOLECULES ACROSS A CELL MEMBRANE

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16
Q

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

A

PROVIDES FUNCTIONAL BLOOD SUPPLY TO BODY TISSUE

AORTA: LARGEST ARTERY IN THE BODY AND IS THE SOURCE OF ALL SYSTEMIC ARTERIES - RISES FROM LEFT VENTRICLE, ARCHES BACKWARDS OVER THE HEART AND DESCENDS THROUGH THORAX, ABDOMEN, EVENTUALL DIVIDES INTO COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES (LOWER TRUNK/LOWER LIMBS)

17
Q

CORONARY CIRCULATION

A

MOVEMENT OF BLOOD THROUGH ARTERIES/VEINS THAT SUPPLY AND DRAIN HEART TISSUE

LEFT/RIGHT CORONARY ARTERIES RISE FROM WALLS OF ASCENDING AORTA JUST ABOVE CUSPS OF THE AORTIC VALVE

SUPPLIED WITH BLOOD THAT BACK FLOWS DURING LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE AND INTO THE VALVE CUSPS - FLOWS INTO CORONARY ARTERY OPENINGS

CORONARY ARTERIES SIT IN ATRIOVENTRICULAR AND INTERVENTRICULAR GROOVES ON THE SURFACE OF THE HEART AND ARE OFTEN IMBEDDED IN PERICARDIAL FAT

COMMUNICATE W/EACH OTHER BY ANASTOMOSING AROUND THE HEART AND CREATING CONTINUOUS LOOPS - PROVIDING ALT ROUTES IF ONE DEVELOPS BLOCKAGE

18
Q

FETAL CIRCULATION

A

LUNGS DO NOT FUNCTION, KIDNEYS/GI TRACT HAVE LIMITED FUNCTION - DO NOT REQUIRE A SUPPLY OF OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS UNTIL BIRTH

MOTHER TO FETUS: UMBILICAL VEIN - NUTRIENTS, (GLUCOSE, AMINO/FATTY ACIDS, VITAMINS AND MINERALS), OXYGEN, AND MATERNAL ANTIBODIES

FETUS TO MOTHER: UMBILICAL ARTERIES (2) - WASTE PRODUCTS (AMMONIA, UREA, URIC ACID AND CREATINE) AND C02

DUCUTUS VENOUSUS - CONNECTS UMBILICAL VEIN TO FETAL IVC O2+/O2- MIX AND ENTRE ATRIUM OF FETUS

SEPTUM SECUNDUM - HOLE INTERATRIAL SEPTUM THAT ALLOWS BLOOD TO ENTER LEFT ATRIUM FROM RIGHT ATRIUM THAT BYPASSES LUNGS

LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM - CORD-LIKE REMNANT

19
Q

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

A

FROM HEART TO LUNGS: PULMONARY TRUNK RISES FROM RIGHT VENTRICLE AND DIVIDES INTO L / R ARTERY BRANCHES TO L / R LUNGS RESPECTIVELY

FROM LUNGS TO HEART : BLOOD ENTERS (4) PULM VEINS TO ENTER LEFT ATRIUM

20
Q

PORTAL CIRCULATION

A

HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM FILTERS DEOXYGENATED BUT NUTRIENT RICH BLOOD RECIEVED FROM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF TOXINS/BACTERIA BEFORE ITS RETURNED TO HEART

GASTRIC, SPLENIC, MESENTERIC AND GASTROEPIPLOIC VEINS DRAIN INTO THE PORTAL VEIN WHICH ASCENDS THE LIVER - IN LIVER, DIVIDES INTO L AND R PORTAL VEINS THAT CONTINUALLY BRANCH TO FORM SINUSIODS W/IN 4 LOBES OF THE LIVER

HEPATIC SINUSOIDS (CONTAIN MIXED VENOUS AND ARTERIAL BLOOD) - UNITE TO FORM HEPATIC VEINS, WHICH EXIT LIVER POSTERIORLY TO ENTIRE INFERIOR VENA CAVA

21
Q

UNIQUE NEEDS FOR FETAL CIRCULATION

A

ALLOWS EXHANGE OF MATERIALS WITH MOTHER AS LUNGS DO NOT FUNCTION AND KIDNEYS/GI TRACT HAVE LIMITED FUNCTION

UMBILICAL VEIN - MOTHER TO FETUS (NUTRIENTS, O2, HORMONES, MATERNAL ANTIBODIES

UMBILICAL ARTERIES - FETUS TO MOTHER (WASTE PRODUCTS) AND CO2

22
Q

CIRCLE OF WILLIS

A

BRANCHES OF INTERNAL CAROTID AND VERTEBRAL ARTERIES FORM CIRCLE AROUND OPTIC CHASM/PITUITARY GLAND AT THE BASE OF THE BRAIN TO ENSURE CONSTANT PROFUSION OF THE CEREBRUM IN THE EVENT OF A BLOCKAGE IN ONE OF THE ARTERIES

23
Q

PARTS OF THE AORTA

A

ASCENDING AORTA - FROM LEFT VENTRICLE ASCENDS 5 CM NEXT TO PULM TRUNK, BRANCHES INTO: CORONARY ARTERIES AND ARCH OF AORTA

ARCH OF AORTA - ARCHES POSTERIORLY OVER LEFT PRINCIPLE BRONCHUS, BRANCHES INTO: BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK, L COMMON CAROTID, L SUBCLAVIAN, DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA

THORACIC AORTA - BEGINS AT T4 DESCENDS TO THE LEFT AND ANTERIOR TO VERTEBRAL COLUMN , PASSES THROUGH AORTIC APERTURE AT T12, BECOMES ABDOMINAL THORACIC. BRANCHES: BRONCIAL, ESPOPHOGEAL, INTERCOSTAL, SUBCOSTAL ETC

ABDOMINAL AORTA - DESCENDS OVER LUMBAR VERTEBRAE AND TERMINATES AT L4 BY DIVIDING INTO COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES

24
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE

A

1) ATRIAL SYSTOLE / P WAVE / ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION
2) VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE / QRS COMPLEX / ISOVOLUM. CONTRACTION
3A) VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE (EARLY) / T WAVE / ISOVOLUM. RELAXATION
3B) VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE (LATE) / VENTRICULAR FILLING

25
Q

ATRIAL SYSTOLE

A

ATRIA CONTRACT PUSHING REMAINING BLOOD INTO VENTRICLES
AV VALVES STILL OPEN
SL VALVES STILL CLOSED
RESULT IS EDV
ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION - P WAVE

26
Q

VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

A

VENTRICLES BEGIN TO CONTRACT - QRS COMPLEX

1) PRESSURE INCREASES, AV VALVES CLOSE-ALL VALVES NOW CLOSED
ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION BC VOLUME DOES NOT CHANGE

2) PRESSURE CONTINUES TO INCREASE, SL VALVES OPEN AND BLOOD IS FORCED INTO PULM ART AND AORTA IN VENTRICULAR EJECTION

BLOOD THAT IS PUMPED = STROKE VOLUME (70-80mL)

REMAINING BLOOD = End Systolic Volume (50-60mL)

27
Q

VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE (EARLY)

A

VENTRICLES ARE NO LONGER CONTRACTING = VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION - T WAVE

AS MUCH BLOOD AS POSSIBLE HAS BEEN EJECTED, PRESSURE IS HIGHER IN THE PULM ART AND AORTA - CAUSING SL VALVES TO CLOSE BUT NOT ENOUGH PRESSURE FOR AV VALVES TO OPEN

ALL VALVES ARE CLOSED = ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION

28
Q

VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE (LATE)

A

BLOOD ENTERING RIGHT ATRIUM VIA 1/S VC

BLOOD ENTERING LEFT ATRIUM VIA 4 PULM VEINS

AV VALVES ARE OPEN

SL VALVES ARE CLOSED

29
Q

HEART SOUNDS

A

S1 - CLOSING OF THE AV VALVES AT THE BEGINNING OF VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION (TRICUSPID, BICUSPID)

S2 - CLOSING OF THE SEMILUNAR VALVES DURING VENTRICULAR RELAXATION (PULMONARY, AORTIC)

30
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

CO = HR x SV (stroke volume)

31
Q

STROKE VOLUME

A

SV = EDV - ESV

32
Q

HEART ELECTRICITY

A

SA NODE - PRIMARY PACEMAKER

AV NODE - SECONDARY PACEMAKER

33
Q

HEART RATE

A

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - RELEASES NOREPINEPHRINE TO INCREASE HR

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - RELEASES ACETYLCHOLINE AND DECREASESS HEART RATE (VAGUS NERVE)

34
Q

HEMOSTASIS

A

PROCESS BY WHICH THE BODY SEALS A RUPTURED BLOOD VESSEL

35
Q

3 STEPS TO HEMOSTASIS

A

1) VASULAR SPASM
2) PLATELET PLUG: ADHESION, ACTIVATION, AGGREGATION
3) COAGULATION: INTRINSIC PATHWAY, EXTRINSIC PATHWAY

36
Q

INTRINSIC PATHWAY VS EXTRINSIC PATHWAY OF COAGULATION

A

EXTRINSIC - BEGINS EXTERNAL TO BLOOD VESSEL AND RELIES ON A PROTEIN CALLED TISSUE FACTOR TO START: TAKES SECONDS

INSTRINSIC - BEGINS INTERNAL TO BLOOD VESSEL AND REIES ON FACTOR CIRCULATING IN THE BLOOD STREAM: TAKES MINUTES

BOTH CONVERGE ON PROTEIN FACTOR X OF THE COMMON PATHWAY THAT LEADS TO THE CREATION OF FIBRIN

37
Q

WHICH WBC ARE DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR MOUNTING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

EOSINOPHILS - GRANULOCYTE (PARASITES)
BASOPHILS - GRANULOCYTE (INFLAMMATORY, ALLERGIC REACTIONS)
NEUTROPHILS - MOST COMMON WBC (INNATE IMMUNITY)
LYMPHOCYTES - T AND B CELLS
MONOCYTES - DIFFERENTIATE INTO MACROPHAGES

ANATOMY&PHYS II (6 decks)

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